| Region | Ifugao, Luzon |
|---|---|
| States | Philippines |
| Speakers | 130,000 |
| Date | 1987–2007 |
| Ref | e18 |
| Familycolor | Austronesian |
| Fam 2 | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam 3 | Philippine |
| Fam 4 | Northern Luzon |
| Fam 5 | Meso-Cordilleran |
| Fam 6 | Central Cordilleran |
| Fam 7 | Nuclear Cordilleran |
| Lc 1 | ifb |
| Ld 1 | Batad Ifugao |
| Lc 2 | ifa |
| Ld 2 | Amganad Ifugao |
| Lc 3 | ifu |
| Ld 3 | Mayoyao Ifugao |
| Lc 4 | ifk |
| Ld 4 | Tuwali language |
| Glotto | ifug1247 |
| Glottorefname | Ifugaw |
Ifugao is a Malayo-Polynesian language[1] spoken in the northern valleys of Ifugao, Philippines. It is a member of the Northern Luzon subfamily and is closely related to the Bontoc, Balangaw, and Kankanaey languages.[2] It is a dialect continuum, and its four main varieties—such as Tuwali—are sometimes considered separate languages.[3][4]
Loanwords from other languages, such as Ilokano, are replacing some older terminology.[5]
Dialects
Ethnologue reports the following locations for each of the four Ifugao languages.
- Amganad Ifugao: spoken in Hungduan and Banaue municipalities of Ifugao Province, and into southwestern Mountain Province. 27,100 speakers as of 2000. Dialects are Burnay Ifugao and Banaue Ifugao.
- Batad Ifugao (Ayangan Ifugao): spoken in central Ifugao Province. There are also some speakers in Isabela Province, on the eastern shore of the Magat reservoir. 10,100 speakers as of 2002. Dialects include Ducligan Ifugao.
- Mayoyao Ifugao (Mayaoyaw): spoken in Ifugao Province, (northern Mayoyao, Aguinaldo, and Alfonso Lista municipalities) and Mountain Province (2 small border areas). 30,000 speakers as of 2007.
- Tuwali Ifugao (Gilipanes, Ifugaw, Kiangan Ifugao, Quiangan, Tuwali): spoken in southern Ifugao Province. 30,000 speakers as of 2000. Dialects are Hapao Ifugao, Hungduan Ifugao, and Lagawe Ifugao.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Fricative | h | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
- Other sounds such as /s/ and /r/ occur in loanwords.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ʊ ~ u | |
| Mid | ɛ | ə | ɔ |
| Open | a |
- /ʊ/ can also be heard as close-back [u].
- /ə/ does not exist in the Tuwali dialect.[6]
- /i/ can also be heard as [ɪ].[7]
Orthography
The unified Ifugao alphabet is as follows: A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, Ng, O, P, T, U, W, Y. The letters are pronounced differently depending on the dialect of the speaker.[8]
References
- ^
- ^ (Lebar, 1975: 78)
- ^ (Newell and Poligon, 1993)
- ^ Reid, Lawrence A. (1974). "The Central Cordilleran Subgroup of Philippine Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 13 (1/2): 511–560. doi:10.2307/3622752. hdl:10125/32979. JSTOR 3622752
- ^ Kinnud, Richard (2013-08-21). "Language Change in the Cordillera". Sun.Star. Archived from the original on 2020-01-23. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
- ^ Taleon, Kristine (2020). A Phonological Sketch of Tuwali Ifugao. University of the Philippines Diliman.
- ^ Newell, Leonard E. & Poligon, Francis (1993). Batad Ifugao dictionary, with ethnographic notes. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines. pp. 3–10.
- ^ Hay Mahun an Bahaon, A Pre-Primer in Ayangan Ifugao. Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1984.
External links
- Kinnud, Richard (2013-08-21). "Language Change in the Cordillera". Sun.Star. Archived from the original on 2020-01-23. Retrieved 2013-08-30.