| Altname | Bontok |
|---|---|
| States | Philippines |
| Region | Mountain Province |
| Date | 2007 census |
| Ref | e18 |
| Familycolor | Austronesian |
| Fam 2 | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam 3 | Philippine |
| Fam 4 | Northern Luzon |
| Fam 5 | Meso-Cordilleran |
| Fam 6 | Central Cordilleran |
| Fam 7 | Nuclear Cordilleran |
| Fam 8 | Bontok–Kankanay |
| Iso 3 | bnc |
| Lc 1 | lbk |
| Ld 1 | Central Bontok |
| Lc 2 | ebk |
| Ld 2 | Eastern Bontok |
| Lc 3 | rbk |
| Ld 3 | Northern Bontok |
| Lc 4 | obk |
| Ld 4 | Southern Bontok |
| Lc 5 | vbk |
| Ld 5 | Southwestern Bontok |
| Glotto | bont1247 |
| Glottorefname | Bontok |
Bontoc (Bontok) /bɒnˈtɒk/[1] is a macrolanguage[2] native to the indigenous Bontoc people of the Mountain Province, in the northern part of the Philippines.
Specific languages
Ethnologue reports the following locations for each of the five Bontok languages. Speaker populations from the 2007 census, as quoted in Ethnologue.
| Language | Location of speakers | Dialects | No. of speakers | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Bontok (Filipino: Finontok) | Bontoc (Bontoc ili, Caluttit, Dalican, Guina-ang, Ma-init, Maligcong, Samoki, and Tocucan) |
| 19,600 | [3] |
| Eastern Bontok (Filipino: Finallig) | Barlig (Barlig, Kadaklan, Lias) |
| 6,170 | [4] |
| Northern Bontok (Filipino: Sinadanga) | Sadanga (Anabel, Bekigan, Belwang, Betwagan, Demang, Sacasacan, Saclit, and Sadanga Poblacion); Southern Kalinga | 9,700 | [5] | |
| Southern Bontok | Bontoc (Talubin, Bayyo, and Can-eo) |
| 2,760 | [6] |
| Southwestern Bontok | Bontoc (Alab, Balili, Gonogon, and villages in the Chico River valley, southwest of the municipal capital Bontoc, along Halsema Highway) |
| 2,470 | [7] |
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k ɡ | ʔ | |
| Fricative | s | ||||
| Rhotic | ɻ~ɺ | ||||
| Approximant | j |
- The archiphoneme /r/ has l, ɻ, and ɺ as its allophones.[8] The allophone l occurs word-initially, adjacent to i, as the second member of a consonant cluster consisting of a coronal consonant and /r/, and as the second member of any consonant cluster preceded by i. ɻ occurs in free variation with l word-initially, but otherwise occurs in complementary distribution with it. ɺ occurs in free variation with l and ɻ word-initially, and with ɻ elsewhere. These /r/ sounds are even applied to loanwords from Ilokano and Tagalog, and Spanish loanwords from the 2 languages.
- The plosives t, ɡ, b, and d have, respectively, t̪ (representing an interdental consonant), kʰ, f, and t͡s as their syllable-initial allophones.[8]
- The voiced stop b also has b̪ and v as its allophones.[8] Both of these allophones occur as the first member of a geminate cluster. They are in free variation.
- The approximant j has one allophone: ɥ. ɥ occurs after o.[8]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | |
| Mid | e | o |
| Close | a | |
e becomes a slightly centralized e̞ when in a syllable whose coda is k.[8] When in the nucleus, a and o are slightly raised and i is lowered.[8]
There are two degrees of stress in Bontoc: primary and secondary. Primary stress is phonemic and secondary stress is predictable. Both types are right-oriented and occur on one of the last three syllables. Stress's effects include higher pitch, louder volume, and lengthening of the syllable nucleus, though these are all subject to certain rules pertaining to word prosody.[8]
Example text
The Lord's Prayer
Ama id chaya machad-ayaw nan ngachanmo. Omali nan en-ap-apowam. Maangnen nan nemnemmo isnan lofong ay kag id chaya. Ichowam nan kanenmi isnan kawakawakas. Pakawanem nan fasolmi, tay pinakawanmi akhes nan finmasol ken chakami. Ad-im ogkhayen chakami isnan maawisanmi ay enfasol, mod-i ket isas alakam chakami isnan ngaag.
References
- ^ Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- ^
- ^ Ethnologue, Central Bontok (subscription required)
- ^ Ethnologue, Eastern Bontok (subscription required)
- ^ Ethnologue, Northern Bontok (subscription required)
- ^ Ethnologue, Southern Bontok (subscription required)
- ^ Ethnologue, Southwestern Bontok (subscription required)
- ^ Reid, Lawrence A. (1963). "The Phonology of Central Bontoc". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 72 (1): 21–26.
Further reading
- Clapp, W. C. (1908). A Vocabulary of Igorot Language as Spoken by Bontok Igorots: Igorot–English and English–Igorot. Bureau of Science: Division of Ethnology Publications, volume V, part III. Manila: Bureau of Printing.
- Seidenadel, Carl Wilhelm (1909). The First Grammar of the Language Spoken by the Bontoc Igorot, with a Vocabulary and Texts, Mythology, Folklore, Historical Episodes, Songs. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company.
- Reid, Lawrence A. (1970). Central Bontoc: Sentence, Paragraph and Discourse. Summer Institute of Linguistics: Publications in Linguistics, 27. Norman: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
- Reid, Lawrence Andrew (1976). Bontok–English Dictionary. Series C – No. 36. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-C36. hdl:1885/145124
External links
- Talking Dictionary of Khinina-ang Bontok - online Bontoc Dictionary based on the speech community of Guina-ang, compiled by Lawrence A. Reid