The Tribute in Light is an art installation in New York City created in remembrance of the victims of the September 11, 2001, attacks.[1] It consists of 88 vertical searchlights arranged in two columns of light to represent the Twin Towers. It stands six blocks south of the World Trade Center on top of the Battery Parking Garage.[2] Tribute in Light began as a temporary commemoration of the attacks in early 2002, but it became an annual event, currently produced on September 11 by the Municipal Art Society of New York.[3][4][5] The Tribute in Light was conceived by artists John Bennett, Gustavo Bonevardi, Richard Nash Gould, Julian LaVerdiere, and Paul Myoda, and lighting consultant Paul Marantz.[6]

The Tribute's illumination begins at dusk and ends at dawn, with the lights being turned off for 20-minute periods to allow migratory birds to escape as needed. On clear nights, the lights can be seen from 60 miles (97 km) away,[7] visible in all of New York City and most of suburban Northern New Jersey and Long Island. The lights can also be seen in Fairfield County, Connecticut, as well as Westchester, Orange, and Rockland counties in New York.

The 88 xenon spotlights (44 for each tower) each consume 7,000 watts.[8] As of 2011, the annual cost for the entire project was about $500,000.[9]

A similar Tribute in Light has also appeared on occasion at the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and at the crash site of United 93 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, which were also targeted during the 9/11 attacks.[10]

Background

Further information: September 11 attacks

After the September 11 attacks, several people independently conceived the idea of using lights for remembrance. These efforts were merged under the umbrella of the Municipal Art Society and Creative Time.[11]

Tribute in Light began construction on March 11, 2002, and initially ran as a temporary installation from March 11 to April 14, 2002, and it ran again on September 11, 2003, to mark the second anniversary of the attack.[4] Since then, it has been repeated every year on September 11. It was announced that 2008 would be its final year,[1] but the tribute was continued in 2009.[12]

On December 17, 2009, it was confirmed that the tribute would continue through the tenth anniversary of the attacks in 2011.[13] In 2012, plans were underway for the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to assume the lease for the MTA property used during this tribute, and to begin transitioning operation of the tribute from the Municipal Art Society parking garage at The Battery to the National September 11 Memorial fountains.[14] However, the moving of the tribute has not yet occurred as of 2025.

The lights are produced by an Italian company named Space Cannon,[15] which sends a team every year to help with the installation.[9] A Las Vegas-based company, Light America, was also part of the team who implemented the project.[16]

Each year, about 30 technicians, electricians, and stagehands work for about ten days to install the lights. During a testing phase of several days, observers in Brooklyn, Staten Island, New Jersey, and uptown Manhattan help make sure that the beams are adjusted accurately.[9]

The project was originally going to be named Towers of Light, but the victims' families felt that the name emphasized the buildings destroyed instead of the people killed.[17]

A permanent fixture of the Tribute in Light was at one point intended to be installed on the roof of One World Trade Center,[18][19] but it was not included in the finished design.[20]

Since 2008, the generators that power Tribute in Light have been fueled with biodiesel made from used cooking oil collected from local restaurants.[21]

Effects on birds

The light pollution from Tribute in Light has caused confusion for over a million migrating birds, trapping them in the beams.[22] Even at an altitude of several miles, birds can be affected by the lights.[7] As a result of this effect, the beams are switched off for 20-minute periods to allow the birds to escape.[23] To ensure the lights do not affect migrating birds, the Municipal Art Society works with the NYC Bird Alliance on the illumination.[24] A 2017 study found that the installation "dramatically altered multiple behaviors of nocturnally migrating birds—but these effects disappeared when lights were extinguished".[22][25]

Tribute in Light was featured in Boyz II Men's music video for "Color of Love". It made a notable appearance during the opening credits of Spike Lee's 2002 film 25th Hour. The tribute was also shown and referenced in the CBS series Blue Bloods. These lights were featured in the music video of U2's "You're the Best Thing About Me".

The video game adaptation of the film Spider-Man 2 features the lights at the approximate location of the WTC site, while another video game adaptation of the film The Amazing Spider-Man 2, the lights are seen on the construction site of One World Trade Center at night.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Chan, Sewell (September 11, 2007). "Will Tribute in Light Go Dark After '08?". New York Times. Archived January 7, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  2. ^ "Tribute in Light". 9/11 Memorial. National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Archived June 12, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  3. ^ "Tribute in Light". creativetime.org. Creative Time, Inc. Archived June 12, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  4. ^ Munson, John (September 10, 2015). "Tribute in Light shines bright every year since 2002". NJ.com. Archived June 12, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  5. ^ "Tribute in Light". mas.org. The Municipal Art Society of New York. Archived September 12, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  6. ^ "Tribute in Light | National September 11 Memorial & Museum". www.911memorial.org. Archived August 14, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
  7. ^ Yong, Ed (2022-06-13). "How Animals Perceive the World". The Atlantic. Archived 2023-06-03 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ^ Chaban, Matt (August 18, 2011). "The End of Tribute in Light: Memorial Goes Dark Forever on 9/12". observer.com. Observer. Archived September 13, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  9. ^ Caruso, David B. (2011-09-07). "9/11 light tribute still dazzles; future cloudy". Stuff.co.nz. Archived January 28, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
  10. ^ "This is why you may see a blue light in the sky at night this weekend". wusa9.com. September 9, 2021. Archived July 2, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
  11. ^ "Tribute In Light – The Municipal Art Society of New York". Archived from the original on August 25, 2010. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
  12. ^ "September 11th Tribute Lights Up Again". NY1.com. Archived from [http://ny1.com/content/top_stories/105290/september-11th-tribute-lights-up-again/Default.aspx" the original] on September 14, 2009.
  13. ^ Dunlap, David W. (September 10, 2010). "'Tribute in Light' Will Keep Shining, This Year and the Next". New York Times. Archived July 26, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
  14. ^ Mann, Ted (July 23, 2012). "'Tribute' Handover". The Wall Street Journal. Archived March 3, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  15. ^ "Home - Spacecannon SNe - Excellence in the lighting field". spacecannon SNe. Archived May 6, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2019-05-05.
  16. ^ "World Trade Center Memorial Has Local Connection". LASVEGASNOW. 2002-03-12. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
  17. ^ "Tribute in light to New York victims". BBC News. March 6, 2002. Archived January 29, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  18. ^ "Freedom Tower rendering Time-lapse". Silverstein Properties Inc. Archived February 20, 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  19. ^ "SOM Freedom Tower Fact Sheet". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. Archived 2005-11-03 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  20. ^ "Design changes to base, spire of 1 World Trade Center". Fox New York. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  21. ^ Bevill, Kris (September 15, 2008). "Tri-State Biodiesel fuels Sept. 11 memorial". Biodiesel Magazine. Archived September 13, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  22. ^ Van Doren, Benjamin M.; Horton, Kyle G.; Dokter, Adriaan M.; Klinck, Holger; Elbin, Susan B.; Farnsworth, Andrew (2017-10-02). "High-intensity urban light installation dramatically alters nocturnal bird migration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (42): 11175–11180. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411175V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708574114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5651764. PMID 28973942
  23. ^ Allen, Nick (September 15, 2010). "10000 birds trapped in Twin Towers memorial light". Daily Telegraph. Archived September 13, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved Sep 15, 2010.
  24. ^ Laermer, Emily (August 18, 2011). "Tribute in Light seeks funders". Crain's. Archived April 3, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
  25. ^ Quenqua, Douglas (2017-10-02). "Yearly 9/11 Tribute Shows Light Pollution's Effects on Birds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived October 3, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2017-10-03.