Timeline of Hama

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Hama, Syria.

Prior to 7th century

• 11th century BCE – Town is "capital of Aramean kingdom of Hamath."^[1]
• 854 BCE – Town taken by Assyrian Shalmaneser II.^[2]
• 743 BCE – Assyrians in power again.^[3]
• 740 BCE – Uprising.^[3]
• 720 BCE – Uprising "crushed by Sargon."^[2]
• 540 BCE – Persians in power (approximate date).
• 64 BCE – Town becomes part of the Roman province of Syria.

7th–19th centuries

• 639 CE – Town taken by Arab Muslim Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah.^[2]
• 637 – Great Mosque built.^[4]
• 10th century – Hamdanids in power.
• 968 – Town sacked by Byzantine forces of Nicephorus Phocas.^[1]
• 11th century – Town sacked by Mirdasid forces.
• 1108 – Tancred, Prince of Galilee takes town.^[2]
• 1114 – Seljuks in power.^[1]
• 1157 – Earthquake.^[5]
• 1172 – Nur al-Din Mosque built.
• 1175 – Saladin takes town from Zangids.^[1]
• 1178 – Al-Muzaffar I Umar becomes Emir of Hama.^[1]
• 1191 – Al-Mansur I Muhammad becomes Emir of Hama.
• 1221 – Al-Nasir Kilij Arslan becomes Emir of Hama.
• 1229 – Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud becomes Emir of Hama.
• 1244 – Al-Mansur Muhammad II becomes Emir of Hama.
• 1260 – Town sacked by Mongols.
• 1284 – Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud becomes Emir of Hama.
• 1299 – Mamluks in power.^[1]
• 1310 – Ayyubid Abu al-Fida becomes Emir of Hama.^[5]
• 1323 – al-Izzi Mosque built.^[4]
• 1326 – Abu'l-Fida Mosque built.^[4]
• 1331 – Al-Afdal Muhammad becomes Emir of Hama.
• 1400 – Timurlane takes town.
• 1453 – al-Mamunye (water wheel) constructed.^{[citation needed]}
• 1516 – Ottoman Turks in power.
• 1556 – Khan Rustum Pasha (caravansary) built.^{[citation needed]}
• 1742 – Azm Palace built.
• 1858 – Population: 30,000.^[6]
• 1864 – Town becomes capital of the Hamah sanjak (district) in the Vilayet of Sham.^[1]
• 1875 – Cholera outbreak.^[5]
• 1898 – Public library opens (approximate date).^[7]

20th century

• 1901 – Population: 45,000 (approximate).^[3]
• 1902 – Rayak-Hama railway begins operating.^[8]
• 1906 – Aleppo-Hama railway constructed.^[9]
• 1917 – Shaker al-Hanbali becomes mayor.^[10]
• 1918 – Town becomes part of French Mandate of Syria.
• 1925 – 1925 Hama uprising, early October uprising by Hama's inhabitants led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji against the French mandate, subsequent crackdown by French forces. Part of the Great Syrian Revolt.^[11]
• 1930 – Population: 60,000.^[12]
• 1941 – Al-Taliya Sport Club formed.
• 1945 – Al-Nawair Sport Club formed.
• 1946 – City becomes part of independent Syrian Republic.
• 1960 – Population: 97,390.^[13]
• 1963 – April: Anti-Baathist demonstrations.^[14]
• 1964
  • April: Conflict between Muslim Brotherhood and Baath leaders.^[12]
  • Population: 131,630 (estimate).^[15]
• 1970 – Population: 137,421.^[13]
• 1980 – February: Islamist uprising^[16]
• 1981 – April: 1981 Hama massacre.
• 1982 – February: Muslim Brotherhood uprising against Hafez al-Assad government; crackdown.^[16][17]
• 1985 – Population: 193,610 (estimate).^[18]
• 1989 – Apamea Cham Palace Hotel built.^[4]

21st century

• 2003 – Population: 427,369 (estimate).^[13]
• 2008 – Population: 1,508,000 (estimate).^[19]
• 2011
  • 15 March–3 July: Mass demonstrations.^[16][20]
  • 3 July–4 August: Army crackdown on protesters.^[21][22]
  • September–December: Hama Governorate clashes^[23]
• 2012
  • 14 April: City under full SAA control
  • 25 April: Explosion in Mashaa Attayar.^[24][25]
• 2012/13
  • Autumn–spring: Rebels in control of Hamidiyah, Tariq Halab and Al-Arbain neighbourhoods^[26]
• 2013
  • 25 April–15 June: Rest of the city captured by SAA during 2013 Hama offensive.^[27]
• 2024
  • 30 November–5 December: Syrian opposition forces captured the city following fierce clashes.^[28]

See also

• Timelines of other cities in Syria: Aleppo, Damascus, Homs, Latakia

References

1. ^ Whitaker 2008.
2. ^ Britannica 1910.
3. ^ Chambers 1901.
4. ^ ArchNet.org. "Hama". Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012.
5. ^ Baedeker 1876.
6. ^ Murray 1858.
7. ^ David Dean Commins (11 August 1990), Islamic reform: politics and social change in late Ottoman Syria, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195061039. 0195061039
8. ^ "Railway developments in Syria". Railway Age. 1904.
9. ^ Lewis R. Freeman (1915). "Railway Lines of Syria and Palestine". Railway Age Gazette
10. ^ Sami Moubayed (11 August 2023), Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria 1900–2000, Seattle, USA: Cune Press, ISBN 9781885942401
11. ^ Bou-Nacklie 1998.
12. ^ David Dean Commins (2004), "Historical Dictionary of Syria", 2nd ed., Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press
13. ^ "Syria: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Stefan Helders. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013.
14. ^ Malik Mufti (1996). Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801431689.
15. ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161.
16. ^ "Syria Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 28 August 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
17. ^ Malise Ruthven (2004). Historical Atlas of Islam. Cartographica.
18. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
19. ^ "Table 8 – Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", "Demographic Yearbook – 2018", United Nations
20. ^ "'Half a million' protest on streets of Hama". Al Jazeera. 8 July 2011.
21. ^ "UN council condemns use of force by Syria". Al Jazeera. 4 August 2011.
22. ^ "Syria: President Bashar al-Assad sacks governor of Hama". BBC News. 2 July 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
23. ^ "Syria unrest: Hama legal chief 'resigns over killings'". BBC News. 1 September 2011.
24. ^ "Blast in Syria's Hama kills many". Al Jazeera. 26 April 2012.
25. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
26. ^ "Syria rebels launch attack in central Hama after months of calm". Reuters. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
27. ^ "Fierce fighting rages across Syria". Al Jazeera. 18 January 2013.
28. ^ "Syrian rebels capture second major city as army withdraws from Hama". CNN. 5 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.

Bibliography

Published in 19th century

• Abraham Rees (1819). "Hamah". The Cyclopædia. London.
• Josiah Conder (1830), "(Hamah)", "The Modern Traveller", London: J.Duncan
• "Hamah", "Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine", London: J. Murray, 1858, OCLC 2300777
• "Hama", "Palestine and Syria", Leipsig: Karl Baedeker, 1876

Published in 20th century

• "Hamah", "Chambers's Encyclopaedia", London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
• Vol. 12. 1910. p. 869.
• Trudy Ring (ed.) (1996), "Hama", Middle East and Africa, International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, ISBN 9781884964039
• N. E. Bou-Nacklie (1998). "Tumult in Syria's Hama in 1925: The Failure of a Revolt". Journal of Contemporary History. 33 (2): 273–289. doi:10.1177/002200949803300206. S2CID 159788188

Published in 21st century

• J.L. Whitaker (2008), "Hamah", "Cities of the Middle East and North Africa", Michael R.T. Dumper & Bruce E. Stanley (eds.), Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
• "Hama". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.