Tiki Formation
Geological formation
PeriodNorian
PrilithologyMudstone
OtherlithologyClaystone, sandstone
NamedforTiki village
RegionMadhya Pradesh
CountryIndia
Coordinates23.9°N 81.4°E
Paleocoordinates42.6°S 51.1°E
UnitofGondwana Group
SubunitsLower & Upper members
UnderliesUnconformity with the Parsora Formation
OverliesKarki Formation

The Tiki Formation is a Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian) geologic formation in Madhya Pradesh, northern India. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[1] Phytosaur remains attributable to the genus Volcanosuchus have also been found in the Tiki Formation.[2]

The genera Tikiodon, Tikitherium and Tikisuchus and species Rewaconodon tikiensis, Hyperodapedon tikiensis and Parvodus tikiensis have been named after the Tiki Formation.

Paleobiota

Cynodonts

Cynodonts of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Gondwanadon[3][4]G. tapaniA single molarA morganucodont
Inditherium[5]I. floris[5]Three postcanine teethA dromatheriid
Rewaconodon[3]R. indicus[5]A partial jaw and three postcanine teethA dromatheriid
R. tikiensis[6]
Ruberodon[3][7]R. roychowdhuriiFive partial jawsA traversodontid
Tikiodon[3]T. cromptoniA single postcanine toothA mammaliamorph
Tikitherium[3][8]T. copeiA single postcanine toothA mammaliaform. Initially described as a basal mammaliaform related to Docodonta, but later redescribed as a Neogene shrew fossil that was reworked into the older deposit.[9]
Cynodontia indet.

Reptiles

Teeth similar to Galtonia, Protecovasaurus,[10] and Azendohsaurus[11] are known from the formation.

Reptiles of the Tiki Formation
Genus / TaxonSpeciesMaterialNotes
Clevosaurus[12]C. nicholsiJaw fragmentsA clevosaurid sphenodont
Colossosuchus[13]C. techniensis[13]Known from multiple skeletons, all likely died togetherA very large mystriosuchine phytosaur
Desmatosuchnae Indet.[14]osteodermsA stagonolepidid aetosaur
Hyperodapedon[6]H. huxleyiRare maxillary tooth plates[6]A hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur, also known as Paradapedon.[15] This species is far more common in the coeval Lower Maleri Formation of central India.
H. tikiensis[16]Various cranial and postcranial elementsA hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur
Parasuchus[17][6]P. hislopiSkullsA basal (non-mystriosuchine) phytosaur
Tikisuchus[17]T. romeriThe skull and some postcranial elements of a young individualA putative rauisuchid
Volcanosuchus[18]V. statisticae[18]A skullA mystriosuchine phytosaur
Ornithischia indet.[19][6]OD01-OD03/Pal/CHQ/Tiki/15, 3 different teeth with presence of serration suggesting a carnivorus diet.
Saurischia indet.[20]numerous small and partial complete vertebrae and partial limb bones.
Phytosauria indet.[19][21]
Pseudosuchia indet.[22]
Sphenodontia indet.[11][19][6]
Theropoda indet.[17]IITKGPR435b, a single tooth and IITKGPR502, a ungual phalanx[20][23]

Amphibians

Amphibians of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Eodiscoglossus[6]E. spAn incomplete jawA discoglossid frog
Compsocerops[24]C. tikiensisA chigutisaurid temnospondyl
Metoposaurus[17]M. sp.A metoposaurid temnospondyl
PanthasaurusP. maleriensisA metoposaurid temnospondyl

Fish

Fishes of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Cladodus[6]C. sp.TeethA ctenacanth
GnathorhizaG. sp.[25]TeethA gnathorhizid lungfish
LonchidionL. estesiA hybodont
L. encumbensA hybodont
Mooreodontus[11]M. indicus[26]TeethA xenacanthid
M. jaini[26]Teeth
Pristrisodus[27]P. tikiensis[27]TeethA hybodont, formerly known as Parvodus tikiensis and Lissodus duffini.[6]
PtychoceratodusP. oldhami[25]TeethA ptychoceratodontid lungfish
Tikiodontus[26]T. asymmetricus[26]TeethA xenacanthid
Actinopterygii indet.[6]
Coelacanthidae indet.[6]

Flora

Correlations

The Tiki Formation is considered a temporal equivalent of the Lower Maleri Formation. The majority of the Tiki Formation correlates with the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation, and the overlying lower Caturrita Formation of Brazil, the Isalo II Beds of Madagascar, Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland, and the lower Tecovas Formation of the Chinle Group of North America.

See also

References

  1. ^ Weishampel et al., 2004, "Dinosaur distribution", pp. 517-607
  2. ^ Chatterjee, 1978
  3. ^ Bhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95. S2CID 228836405
  4. ^ Datta & Das, 1996
  5. ^ Bhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95
  6. ^ Kumar & Sharma, 2019
  7. ^ Ray, S. (2015). "A new Late Triassic traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (3). Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E0472R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.930472. S2CID 86368800
  8. ^ Datta, P. M. (2005). "Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 200–207. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0200:EMWTEU2.0.CO;2]
  9. ^ Averianov, Alexander O. & Voyta, Leonid L. (March 2024). "Putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei is a Neogene shrew". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 31 (1). doi:10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w. ISSN 1064-7554
  10. ^ Ray, Sanghamitra; Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Datta, P. M. (2021-02-01). "First record of varied archosauriforms from the Upper Triassic of India based on isolated teeth, and their biostratigraphic implications". Historical Biology. 33 (2): 237–253. Bibcode:2021HBio...33..237R. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1609957. ISSN 0891-2963
  11. ^ Singh, Y. Priyananda; Sharma, K. Milankumar; Tiwari, Raghavendra Prasad; Patnaik, Rajeev; Singh, Nongmaithem Amardas; Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (27 March 2023). "Lepidosauromorphs and associated vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa, Gondwana basin, India: implication for paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography". Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. 89 (2): 325–346. Bibcode:2023INSAP..89..325S. doi:10.1007/s43538-023-00162-0. ISSN 0370-0046. Retrieved 27 December 2024. – via Springer Nature Link.
  12. ^ Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Datta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P. M. (2023-01-02). "A new clevosaurid (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Upper Triassic of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 43 (1). doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2232833. ISSN 0272-4634
  13. ^ Datta, D. & Ray, S. (2023). "A giant phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India with new insights on phytosaur migration, endemism and extinction". Papers in Palaeontology. 9 (1): e1476. Bibcode:2023PPal....9E1476D. doi:10.1002/spp2.1476. S2CID 257103850
  14. ^ Haldar, A. & Ray, S. (2025). "First report of desmatosuchine aetosaur (Pseudosuchia, Aetosauriformes) osteoderms from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India: Their complex internal vascular system, functional significance and biostratigraphy". Journal of Anatomy. doi:10.1111/joa.14255. PMID 40205778
  15. ^ Lydekker, 1885
  16. ^ Mukherjee, Debarati & Ray, Sanghamitra (2014). "A new Hyperodapedon (Archosauromorpha, Rhynchosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for rhynchosaur phylogeny". Palaeontology. 57 (6): 1241–1276. Benson, Roger (ed.). Bibcode:2014Palgy..57.1241M. doi:10.1111/pala.12113. ISSN 0031-0239
  17. ^ Chatterjee & Majumdar, 1987
  18. ^ Datta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati (2021). "Cranial morphology of a new phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for phytosaur phylogeny and biostratigraphy". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (2): 675–708. Bibcode:2021PPal....7..675D. doi:10.1002/spp2.1292. ISSN 2056-2802. S2CID 213698017
  19. ^ Datta et al., 2005
  20. ^ Ray, Sanghamitra; Bhat, Mohd Safi; Mukherjee, Debarati; Datta, P. M. (2016-12-31). "Vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation of India: new finds and their biostratigraphic implications". Journal of Palaeosciences. 65 ((1-2)): 47–59. doi:10.54991/jop.2016.298. ISSN 2583-4266
  21. ^ Mukherjee & Ray, 2012
  22. ^ Huene, 1940
  23. ^ Rakshit, Nibedita; Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P.M. (2018). "First report of dinosaurian claws from the Late Triassic of India". Palaeoworld. 27 (2): 179–187. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2018.01.001
  24. ^ Chakravorti, Sanjukta & Sengupta, Dhurjati Prasad (2023-03-06). "The first record of chigutisaurid amphibian from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation and the probable Carnian pluvial episode in central India". PeerJ. 11. doi:10.7717/peerj.14865. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 9997194
  25. ^ Bhat, Mohd Shafi & Ray, Sanghamitra (2020-03-15). "A record of new lungfishes (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi) from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of India". Historical Biology. 32 (3): 428–437. Bibcode:2020HBio...32..428B. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1499020. ISSN 0891-2963
  26. ^ Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P.M. (2018). "A new assemblage of freshwater sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic of India". Geobios. 51 (4): 269–283. Bibcode:2018Geobi..51..269B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2018.06.004
  27. ^ Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P. M. (2018). "A new hybodont shark (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India with remarks on its dental histology and biostratigraphy". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (2): 221–239. Bibcode:2018JPal...92..221B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.63. ISSN 0022-3360
  28. ^ Pal, 1984

Bibliography