| States | Brazil |
|---|---|
| Ethnicity | Terena people |
| Date | 2006 |
| Ref | e18 |
| Familycolor | arawakan |
| Fam 1 | Arawakan |
| Fam 2 | Southern |
| Fam 3 | Bolivia–Parana |
| Iso 2 | ter |
| Lc 2 | gqn |
| Ld 2 | Kinikinao & Guaná |
| Lc 1 | ter |
| Ld 1 | Terena |
| Lc 3 | caj |
| Ld 3 | Chané |
| Glotto | tere1279 |
| Glottorefname | Terena-Kinikinao-Chane |
| Region | Mato Grosso do Sul |
| Elp 2 | 509 |
| Elpname 2 | Guana (Brazil) |
| Altname | Etelena |
| Dia 1 | Terena proper |
| Dia 2 | Chané |
| Dia 3 | Guaná |
| Dia 4 | Kinikinao |
Terêna or Etelena is an Arawakan language spoken by 15,000 Terenas. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.[1] Many Terena people have low Portuguese proficiency. It is spoken in Mato Grosso do Sul. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.[citation needed]
Terêna has an active–stative syntax[2] and verb-object-subject as default word order.[3]
Dialects
Terêna originally had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, Guaná, and Chané. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.[2] Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.[4] Only Terena proper is still spoken.
Language contact
Terena originated in the Northwestern Chaco.[5] As a result, many Northern Guaicuruan loanwords can be found in Terena.[6]
There are also many Tupi-Guarani loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.[7]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | (tʃ) | k | ʔ |
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | h | ||
| prenasal | ⁿz | ⁿʒ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | |||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral | l | (ʎ) | ||||
| Approximant | w ~ v | j | ||||
/w, ʃ, n, l/ may often be heard as [v, tʃ, ɲ, ʎ].[8]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĩ iː | (ɨ) | u ũ uː |
| Mid | e ẽ eː | o õ oː | |
| ɛ ɛː | ɔ ɔː | ||
| Low | a ã aː |
ɨ is heard as an allophone of i.[9]
See also
Notes
- ^ Butler, Nancy Evelyn & Ekdahl, Elizabeth Muriel (1979). Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1 (in Portuguese). Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- ^ Aikhenvald 1999.
- ^ Rosa, Andréa (2010). Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Três Lagoas: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. pp. 71–72. Archived 2024-05-13 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando (2016-03-10). "Terena, Chané, Guaná and Kinikinau are one and the same language:: setting the record straight on southern Arawak linguistic diversity" (in Portuguese). LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 16 (1): 39–57. doi:10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646165. ISSN 2177-7160
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de (Fall 2019). "Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco". Anthropological Linguistics. 61 (3): 341–363. doi:10.1353/anl.2019.0020. JSTOR 27023791
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de (April 2018). "Arawakan-Guaicuruan Language Contact in The South American Chaco". International Journal of American Linguistics. 84 (2): 243–263. doi:10.1086/696198
- ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de (2017). "Tupi-Guarani Loanwords in Southern Arawak: Taking Contact Etymologies Seriously". Revista Linguí∫tica. 13 (3): 41–74. doi:10.31513/linguistica.2017.v13n3a16383
- ^ Silva, Denise (2013). Estudo lexicografico da lingua terena: proposta de um dicionário terena-português (in Brazilian Portuguese). Araraquara: Universidade Estadual Paulista. hdl:11449/102358
- ^ Nascimento, Gardênia (2012). Aspectos Gramaticais da Língua Terena (in Brazilian Portuguese). Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
References
- Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). "The Arawak language family". The Amazonian Languages. Dixon, R. M. W. & Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds.)