This article is about a nation lacking a nation state. For a community lacking a government, see Stateless society. For persons lacking state affiliation, see Statelessness.

A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own sovereign state.[1] Use of the term implies that such ethnic groups have the right to self-determination, to establish an independent nation-state with its own government.[2][3] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Nations without a state are classified as fourth-world nations.[4][5][6] Some stateless nations have a history of statehood, while some were always stateless.

History

The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the position of Scotland within the United Kingdom. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.[7]

Ethnicities described as stateless nations can be dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yoruba people found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China - which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation.[8][9]

Stateless nations can have large populations; for example, the Kurds have an estimated population of over 30 million people, which makes them one of the largest stateless nations.[10]

Nation-states and nations without states

The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in Western Europe during the 18th century, and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national statehood.[3] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states consider themselves stateless nations. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states that are not considered "stateless nations".

Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation states; the rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world,[citation needed] there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation states. Thus nation states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world.[3]

Consequences of colonialism and imperialism

During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland; resulting in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and being described as stateless nations thereafter.[11] Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" that left their homeland divided among several countries. Even today, the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. These boundaries often differ from cultural boundaries which results in situations wherein people who speak the same language or have the same culture are divided by national borders; for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony).[12] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This led to successor states with many minority ethnic groups in them, which increased the potential for ethnic conflicts.[13][14][15][16] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. Stateless nations were not protected in all countries and as a result, they became victims of atrocities such as discrimination, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced assimilation, and the exploitation of labor and natural resources.[17][18]

Nationalism and stateless nations

People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a nation through the awakening of national consciousness.[19] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person.[20] In a multinational state, different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism, and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism.[21] Nationalism is often connected to separatism because a nation is considered to achieve completeness through its independence.[22]

Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world.[23][24][25][26] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[27][28]

List of stateless nations

States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population.

PeopleFlagLanguagesLanguage family[a]Predominant religionPopulationContinentStatesHomeland[b]Irredentist movementNotes
Tamils[29]Tamil languageDravidian languagesHinduism, Christianity, Islam80,000,000AsiaIndia, Sri LankaTamil Nadu, Tamil EelamTamil nationalism, Dravida Nadu, Tamil EelamHistorically occupied Tamilakam, the Jaffna Kingdom and the Vanni chieftaincies. Seeks more regional autonomy for the Indian state of Tamil Nadu or form a sovereign nation along with other South Indian states as Dravida Nadu. Demand for autonomy in the Northern and Eastern Provinces or total secession from Sri Lanka.[30]
Oromo people[31][29]OromoCushitic languagesChristian, Muslim, Waaqeffanna41,693,650[32]AfricaEthiopia, KenyaOromiaOromo conflict
Kurds[33][34]Kurdish languages, (originally) Arabic, Turkish, Persian (assimilation)Iranian languagesIslam (Sunni, Shia, Alevi), Zoroastrianism, Yarsanism, Yazidism36,000,000–46,000,000[35]AsiaTurkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria (homeland), Germany (largest diaspora)KurdistanKurdish nationalism, Kurdish–Turkish conflict, Kurdish-Iranian conflict, Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, and Kurdish–Syrian conflict, 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendumRegional autonomy achieved in Iraqi Kurdistan and Rojava.[36] Data rough due to censuses not taking ethnicity in homeland countries.
Yoruba people[33][37]Yoruba languageVolta–Congo languagesChristianity, Islam, Yoruba religion35,000,000[38][39]AfricaNigeria, Benin and Togo, GhanaYorubalandOodua Peoples Congress
Igbo people[40]Igbo, EnglishVolta–Congo languagesChristianity (primarily Roman Catholicism with significant Protestant minorities), Indigenous beliefs30,000,000[41]AfricaNigeria (almost exclusively)IgbolandMovement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Indigenous People of BiafraAttempted secession from Nigeria in 1967 sparked the Nigerian Civil war.
Sikhs[42][43][44][45]Punjabi, Dogri,KashmiriIndo-Aryan languages, Dardic languagesSikhism25,000,000–30,000,000AsiaIndiaPunjabKhalistan movementSeeks greater regional autonomy for the Sikhs of Punjab or total secession from India. Sikh nationalism.
Occitan people[46]Occitan, French, Italian, SpanishRomance languagesRoman Catholicism16,000,000EuropeFrance, Monaco, Italy and Spain (Val d'Aran)OccitaniaOccitan nationalism (Occitan Party, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Libertat)Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France.
Savoyard people[46]Savoyard, Arpitan, French, Italian, GermanRomance languages Germanic languagesRoman Catholicism1,309,384EuropeFrance, Switzerland and ItalySavoySavoyard nationalism (Savoyan League, Savoy Region Movement, État de Savoie, Piemonte Stato)Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France.
Assamese people[47][48][49]Assamese languageIndo-Aryan languagesHinduism15,000,000[50]AsiaIndiaAssamAssam separatist movements, ULFA Insurgency in Northeast IndiaSeeks greater regional autonomy for natives of Assam or total secession from India.[51]
Uyghur people[52][53][54]Uyghur languageTurkic languagesSunni Islam15,000,000[55]AsiaChina, Kazakhstan, UzbekistanEast Turkestan (Uyghuristan)Irredentism is politically fragmented (East Turkestan Liberation Organization, East Turkestan independence movement)Limited autonomy in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Zulu people[56]Zulu languageVolta–Congo languagesChristianity, Zulu religion12,159,000AfricaSouth Africa, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, EswatiniKwaZulu-NatalInkatha Freedom PartyLimited autonomy in the KwaZulu-Natal region, which maintains a traditional Zulu king.
Hazaras[57]Hazaragi dialect of Persian LanguageIranian LanguagesIslam (mostly Shia)10,000,000-14,000,000AsiaAfghanistanHazaristanPersecution of HazarasHazara nationalism
Romani people[58][59]Romani languageIndo-Aryan languagesChristianity, Islam, Hinduism12,000,000[60]Worldwide, mostly Eastern Europe and AmericasOriginally North India;[61] Romanistan (proposed country)The Romani people are a non-territorial nation.
Kongo people[62]Kongo language, Lingala, Portuguese, FrenchVolta–Congo languagesChristianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), African Traditional Religion11,560,000 (2002 estimate)AfricaDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, AngolaKongoKongo nationalism, Bundu dia KongoHistorically occupied the independent Kingdom of Kongo.
Maya peoples[63]Mayan languagesMayan languagesChristianity (Catholicism), Maya religion10,500,000 (2002 estimate)North AmericaGuatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, El SalvadorMesoamericaPan-Maya movement, Rigoberta Menchú, Zapatista Army of National LiberationHistorically occupied the Maya civilization.
Sylhetis[64][65][66][67][68]Sylheti languageIndo-Aryan languagesIslam, Hinduism, Christianity10,300,000AsiaBangladesh and IndiaGreater SylhetSylheti nationalismThe Sylheti people advocate for the recognition of Sylheti as a distinct language, separate from Bengali, and emphasize the preservation and promotion of their cultural and linguistic identity.
Baloch people[69]BalochiIranian languagesSunni Islam10,000,000[70]AsiaPakistan, Iran, AfghanistanBalochistanBalochistan conflict, Baloch nationalismSeek to establish an independent sovereign state for the Baloch people, separate from Pakistan and Iran.
Andalusians[71]Andalusian Spanish, English (in Gibraltar)Romance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)9,500,000EuropeSpain, GibraltarAndalusiaAndalusian nationalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Catalans[72][73]Catalan, Occitan, Catalan Sign LanguageRomance languages, Catalan Sign LanguagesRoman Catholicism, Agnosticism8,500,000[74]EuropeSpain, Italy, Andorra and FranceCatalan CountriesCatalan independence movement, Catalan nationalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied most of the Crown of Aragon: the Principality of Catalonia, the kingdoms of Valencia and Mallorca and part of Aragon, and the Kingdom of Sardinia's town of Alghero.
Lombard people[75]Lombard languageRomance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholic, Ambrosian Rite)8,221,000 (2002 estimate)EuropeItaly, SwitzerlandLombardy (historical region)Lombard nationalism, Pro Lombardy Independence, Lombard League
Québécois[72]FrenchRomance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)8,215,000North AmericaCanadaQuebecQuebec sovereignty movement, Quebec nationalismThe total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers.
Kashmiri people[76]Kashmiri languageIndo-Aryan languagesIslam, Hindu minority8,050,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaIndia and PakistanKashmirInsurgency in Jammu and KashmirAdministered by India (Kashmir Valley, Jammu, Ladakh), Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan) and China (Aksai Chin).
Hongkongers[77][78][79]Hong Kong Cantonese, Hong Kong EnglishSino-Tibetan languagesChristianity (Protestantism and Roman Catholicism), Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Taoism, Islam7,498,100[80]AsiaChinaHong KongHong Kong nationalism, Hong Kong independence movementLimited autonomy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Tibetan people[81]Tibetan language, Chinese language, Tibetan Sign LanguageSino-Tibetan languages, Tibetan Sign LanguageBuddhism7,000,000[82]AsiaChina, India, NepalTibetTibetan independence movementLimited autonomy in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Historically occupied the Tibetan Empire.
Moro people[83]Filipino language, other Philippine languagesAustronesian languagesIslam6,356,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaPhilippinesMuslim MindanaoMoro autonomyThe Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region with the adoption of the Bangsamoro Organic Law.
Riffian people[84]Riffian language, ArabicBerber languagesIslam6,000,000[85]AfricaMorocco and SpainRifRif War, Rif Republic95% of the land is controlled by Morocco with the rest being controlled by the Spanish territories of Ceuta and Melilla as autonomous cities.
Mon[86]Mon languageAustroasiatic languagesBuddhism5,350,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaMyanmarMon StateHistorically occupied Hanthawaddy kingdom
Hmong people[87]Hmong languageHmong–Mien LanguagesAnimism5,200,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaLaos, China, Vietnam, Myanmar and ThailandHmong ChaoFa Federated StateInsurgency in Laos
Arakanese (Rakhine)[88]Rakhine languageSino-Tibetan languagesBuddhism5,110,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaMyanmarRakhine StateUnited League of ArakanHistorically occupied Kingdom of Mrauk U
Circassians[89]Adyghe language, Kabardian language, Ubykh language, RussianNorthwest Caucasian languagesIslam5,300,000EuropeRussiaCircassiaRusso-Circassian War, Circassian nationalism95–97% of Circassians were killed or exiled by Russia during the Circassian genocide.[90]
Shan[91]Shan languageKra–Dai languagesBuddhism5,000,000AsiaMyanmarShan StateRestoration Council of Shan State
Shan State Progressive Party
Peace and Solidarity Committee		Historically occupied Federated Shan States
Sicilians[92]Sicilian, Italian, Gallo-Italic of Sicily, ArbëreshRomance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)5,000,000 (only Sicily)EuropeItalySicilySicilian nationalism, Sicilian Action MovementRegional autonomy in Sicily.
Venetian people[93]Venetian languageRomance languagesCatholicism5,000,000 (est.)EuropeItalyVenetoVenetian nationalismMany groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. Historically occupied the independent Republic of Venice.
Scottish people[72][73]Scottish Gaelic, ScotsCeltic languagesChristianity (Protestantism, Catholic minority)5,000,000 (only Scotland)[94]EuropeUnited KingdomScotlandScottish independenceFormerly a Sovereign state, Regional autonomy in Scotland.
Bretons[95]Breton, GalloCeltic languagesRoman Catholicism4,800,000EuropeFranceBrittanyBreton nationalismSeek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from France.
Karen (Kayin)[96]Karenic languagesSino-Tibetan languagesBuddhism, Christianity4,400,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaMyanmar, ThailandKayin StateKaren National Union
Camba[97]Camba SpanishRomance languagesRoman Catholicism4,000,000South AmericaBoliviaMedia LunaMovimiento Nación Camba de Liberación, Santa Cruz Youth Union
Kabyle people[98]Kabyle language, Algerian ArabicBerber languagesIslam4,000,000[99]AfricaAlgeriaKabyliaMovement for the Autonomy of Kabylie, Provisional Government of Kabylia
Rohingya[100][101]Rohingya languageIndo-Aryan languagesIslam3,600,000AsiaMyanmarRohang StateRohingya conflict
Rohingya genocide		The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government.[102]
Assyrians[103]Sureth, Turoyo, other Aramaic languagesSemitic languagesChristianity (Syriac Christianity)3,300,000[104]AsiaSyria, Iraq, Iran and TurkeyAssyria, Beth Nahrain (Mesopotamia)Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian independence movementHistorically occupied the Assyrian empire.
Bodos[105]BodoSino-Tibetan languagesHinduism, Christianity3,250,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaIndiaAssam (Bodoland Territorial Region)Bodoland movementSeek a separate state or homeland (Bodoland) within India. Some factions demand independence
Afrikaners[106]AfrikaansGermanic languagesChristianity (mainly Protestantism)3,180,000AfricaSouth Africa and NamibiaWestern Cape, VolkstaatAfrikaner Nationalism, Freedom Front, Cape independence, Cape Independence PartyAfrikaners are historically an ethno-racial group (although some today deracialize the identity to include Afrikaans-speaking Coloured people). Demand autonomy or total secession from South Africa. Historically occupied the Dutch Cape colony but did expand elsewhere into the once independent Boer republics.
Naga people[107]Naga languages, Konyak languages, Nagamese creoleSino-Tibetan languagesChristianity3,150,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaIndiaNagalandNaga National Council, Insurgency in Northeast IndiaSeeks greater regional autonomy or complete separatation from India.
Basque people[73]Basque, French, SpanishLanguage isolateChristianity (Roman Catholicism)3,000,000[108]EuropeFrance and SpainBasque CountryBasque nationalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Iraqi Turkmen people[109]Turkish language, Azerbaijani languageOghuz languagesIslam3,000,000AsiaIraqTurkmeneliIraqi Turkmen FrontNot to be confused with Syrian Turkmen of Latakia or Central Asian Turkmens of Turkmenistan who share only their ethnonym.[110]
Welsh people[73][111]Welsh, EnglishCeltic languagesChristianity (Protestantism, Catholic minority)3,000,000EuropeUnited KingdomWalesWelsh independence, Welsh nationalism, Meibion Glyndŵr, Plaid CymruRegional autonomy in Wales. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed, Seisyllwg, Morgannwg, and Gwent).
Galician people[73]Galician language, SpanishRomance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)2,800,000EuropeSpainGaliciaGalician nationalism and Galician RegionalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Galicia.
Kachin people[112]Jingpo languageSino-Tibetan languagesChristianity2,750,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaMyanmar, ChinaKachin StateKachin Independence Organization
Meitei people[113]Meitei languageSino-Tibetan languagesHinduism1,800,000AsiaIndiaImphal Valley, ManipurUNLF, PLA, Insurgency in Manipur, Anglo-Manipur WarHistorically occupied the Kingdom of Manipur.
Aragonese people[114]Aragonese language, SpanishRomance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)2,045,000 (2002 estimate)EuropeSpainAragonAragonese nationalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain. Historically occupied the Kingdom of Aragon.
Chechens[115]Chechen language, RussianNortheast Caucasian languagesIslam2,000,000EuropeRussiaChechnyaChechen insurgency, Chechen Republic of IchkeriaRegional autonomy in Chechnya.
Friulians[116]FriulianRomance languagesCatholicism2,000,000 (est.)EuropeItalyFriuliFriuli MovementFriuli is an autonomous region of Italy, but there are also other views as to what status it should have. Friulians are a recognised minority ethnic group in Italy.
Asturian people[117]Asturian language, SpanishRomance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)1,000,000EuropeSpain and PortugalAsturiasAsturian nationalismSee also Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain.
Mapuche[118]MapudungunAraucanian languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)1,755,000 (2002 estimate)South AmericaArgentina and ChileWallmapuMapuche autonomous movement
Sardinian people[119][120][46][121]Sardinian, Corso-Sardinian, Italian, Catalan, LigurianRomance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)1,661,521EuropeItalySardiniaSardinian nationalismNational devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Italy. Sardinians are a recognised minority ethnic group in Italy.
Ryukyuans (Okinawans)[122]Ryukyuan, Japanese, Koniya Sign LanguageJaponic languages, Koniya Sign LanguageBuddhism1,600,000[123]AsiaJapanRyukyu IslandsRyukyu independence movementHistorically occupied the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Pa-O[124]Pa-O languageSino-Tibetan languagesBuddhism1,430,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaMyanmarShan StatePa-O National Organization
Pa-O National Liberation Organization
Palaung (Ta'ang)[125]Palaung languageAustroasiatic languagesBuddhism1,300,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaMyanmarShan StatePalaung State Liberation Front
Tuareg people[126]Tuareg languageBerber languagesIslam1,200,000AfricaMali and NigerAzawadNational Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Tuareg rebellion (2012), Northern Mali conflictNational devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali.
Frisians[127]Frisian, Stadsfries Dutch, Dutch, German, DanishGermanic LanguagesChristianity (mainly Protestantism)1,125,000EuropeNetherlands, Denmark, and GermanyFrisiaFrisian National Party, Groep fan AuwerkThe creation of a new Frisian state. Historically occupied the Frisian Kingdom.
Jumma people[128][129]Languages of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bengali, ChittagonianSino-Tibetan languagesBuddhism, Christianity, Islam920,248[130]AsiaBangladeshChittagong Hill TractsJumma Nationalism, Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti, Shanti BahiniJumma is a term used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, such as the Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Rakhine, etc. These communities seek autonomy, with some even advocating for independence.
Lezgins[131]LezgianNortheast Caucasian languagesIslam800,000EuropeRussia, AzerbaijanLezgistanLezgin NationalismUnification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and Dagestan (Russia).
Fur people[132]Fur, ArabicNilo-Saharan languagesIslam756,000 (2002 estimate)AfricaSudanDarfurWar in Darfur, SLM/AHistorically occupied the Sultanate of Darfur.
Karenni (Kayah)[133]Karenni languageSino-Tibetan languagesBuddhism, Christianity755,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaMyanmarKayah StateKarenni State Interim Executive Council
Māori people[134]Māori, EnglishAustronesian languagesChristianity with native750,000OceaniaNew ZealandNew ZealandMāori protest movement
Lahu[135]Lahu languageSino-Tibetan languagesAnimism, Buddhism, Christianity680,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaChina, Myanmar, ThailandYunnan province
Macanese people[136]Macanese Cantonese, Macanese PortugueseSino-Tibetan languagesChinese folk religion, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity (Roman Catholicism and Protestantism)678,800AsiaChinaMacauMacau independence movementLimited autonomy in the Macau Special Administrative Region.
Chams[137]Cham languageAustronesian languagesIslam, Hinduism, Buddhism650,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaVietnam, CambodiaSouth Central Coast, Mondulkiri provinceUnited Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, Cham rights movement[138]Historically occupied the Kingdom of Champa. The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government their indigeneity to the region.
Karakalpaks[139]Karakalpak languageTurkic languagesIslam623,000 (2002 estimate)AsiaUzbekistanKarakalpakstanKarakalpak NationalismRegional autonomy in Karakalpakstan.
SilesiansSilesian language (presumably, 2021 Polish census says about 467,145 people speaking Silesian, including 54,957 as the only language)[140]West Slavic languages[141]Roman Catholicism (predominant religion in Poland)596,224 (counting Polish part only, 2021 census)EuropePoland, Germany, Czech Republic[142]SilesiaSilesian Autonomy Movement (not exactly irredentism but seeking only an autonomy)[143]Duchies of Silesia were existent in the past[144].
Ogoni people[145]Ogoni languageVolta–Congo languagesChristianity with native560,000 (2002 estimate)AfricaNigeriaOgonilandMovement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
Hawaiian people[146]Hawaiian language, Hawaiian Sign Language, EnglishAustronesian languagesChristianity (Catholicism and Protestantism) with native527,000OceaniaUnited StatesHawaiiHawaiian sovereignty movementHistorically occupied the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Moravians[147]Czech (Moravian), SlovakSlavic languagesTraditionally Roman Catholicism presently Irreligion525,000[148][149]EuropeCzech Republic and SlovakiaMoraviaMoraviansHistorically occupied Great Moravia.
Crimean Tatars[150]Crimean Tatar, Russian, UkrainianTurkic languagesIslam500,000-600,000EuropeUkraineCrimeaCrimean People's Republic Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Tatars in Republic of Crimea Deportation of the Crimean TatarsBriefly managed to get independance in the 1910s as the Crimean People's Republic. After Ukrainian independence in 1991, Crimea became an autonomous republic within Ukraine, after being invaded and annexed by Russia in 2014. The Crimean Tatars began seeking autonomy.[151]
Sahrawi people[152]Hassaniya Arabic (native), Berber languages (native), Modern Standard Arabic (written only), and Spanish (lingua franca)Semitic languagesIslam (Sunni Islam (Maliki), Sufism)500,000[153]AfricaMorocco, Algeria, MauretaniaWestern SaharaWestern Sahara conflict, Polisario Front, Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicPartially controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and partially occupied by Morocco.
Corsican people[154]Corsican, French, Ligurian, ItalianRomance languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)322,120EuropeFranceCorsicaCorsica LiberaTerritorial collectivity in France.
Navajo[155]Navajo language, Navajo Sign Language, EnglishNa-Dene languagesNavajo Traditional, Christianity (principally Roman Catholicism)305,000 (2002 estimate)North AmericaUnited StatesNavajo NationNavajo WarsRegional autonomy on the Navajo Nation.
Bangladeshi Biharis[156][157][158]Urdu, Bengali, Languages of BiharIndo-Aryan languagesIslam300,000AsiaBangladeshOriginally Bihar; Saidpur, Old Dhaka and Mohammadpur Thana (mostly)Persecution of Biharis in BangladeshThe Urdu-speaking Biharis of Bangladesh, also known as "Stranded Pakistanis", are Muslims from Bihar who settled in what is now Bangladesh in 1947. Many of them seek recognition and autonomy.
Inuit[159]Inuit languages, Danish, English, RussianEskaleut languagesChristianity with native155,792North AmericaCanada, Denmark, United StatesGreenland, Inuit Nunangat, Far North AlaskaGreenlandic independenceSemi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark.
Cornish people[160]Cornish, English (Cornish dialect)Celtic languagesChristianity100,000EuropeUnited KingdomCornwallCornish nationalism, Mebyon KernowRecognized as a national minority within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is currently a county within England in the UK. Groups mainly advocate for the recognition of Cornwall as a country separate from England, but still within the UK.
Scanians[161]Scanian dialect, Swedish, DanishGermanic languagesChristianity (principally Lutheranism100,000EuropeSwedenSkånelandSkånepartietWas an autonomous part of Denmark until 1658 when it became part of Sweden after the treaty of Roskilde.
Sami people[162]Sami languages, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, RussianUralic languagesChristianity (principally Lutheran), Animism80,000 (est.)[163]EuropeFinland, Norway, Russia and SwedenSapmiSámi politicsHave their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden, and Finland but Sami groups usually seek more territorial autonomy.
Faroese people[164]Faroese, DanishGermanic languagesChristianity (principally Lutheran)66,000EuropeDenmarkFaroe IslandsFaroese independence movementRegional autonomy in Faroe Islands.
Sorbs[165]Sorbian language, GermanSlavic languagesChristianity (Roman Catholicism)60,000–70,000 (est.)EuropeGermanyLusatiaDomowinaDivided into Upper Sorbs and Lower Sorbs.
Ladin people[166]Ladin languageRomance languagesChristianity (Catholic Church)36,000 (2002 estimate)EuropeItalyLadiniaRecognised ethnic minority in Italy.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. The largest language family is not recommended, as a large number of cells would contain similar content.
  2. ^ Proposed or historical homeland desired.

References

  1. ^ Dictionary Of Public Administration, U.C. Mandal, Sarup & Sons 2007, 505 p.
  2. ^ Osborne, Louise & Russell, Ruby (27 December 2015). "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation'". TheGuardian.com. Archived 5 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  3. ^ Chouinard, Stéphanie (2016), "Stateless nations", The Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, Karl Cordell & Stefan Wolff (eds.), Routledge, pp. 54–66, ISBN 978-1-317-51892-1
  4. ^ David Newman, Boundaries, Territory and Postmodernity
  5. ^ Ethnic Minority Media: An International Perspective, Stephen Harold Riggins, 217p.
  6. ^ Language in Geographic Context, Colin H. Williams, 39p.
  7. ^ Verdugo, Richard R. & Milne, Andrew (1 June 2016). National Identity: Theory and Research. IAP. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-68123-525-7. Archived 4 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 1 January 2022. – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Clark, Gregory, In fear of China, 1969, saying: "Tibet, although enjoying independence at certain periods of its history, had never been recognised by any single foreign power as an independent state. The closest it has ever come to such recognition was the British formula of 1943: suzerainty, combined with autonomy and the right to enter into diplomatic relations."
  9. ^ "The Legal Status of Tibet". Cultural Survival. 22 February 2010. Archived 30 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  10. ^ "Who are the Kurds?". TRT World. Archived 8 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  11. ^ Redie Bereketeab, Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State
  12. ^ Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18, The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization's Shadow
  13. ^ Cultural Analysis: Towards Cross-cultural Understanding (2006), Hans Gullestrup, 130p.
  14. ^ Ethnicity and Christian leadership in west African sub-region: proceedings of the conference of the fifteenth CIWA Theology Week held at the Catholic Institute of West Africa (2004), Port Harcourt, p.272
  15. ^ Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940–1943 (2013), H. James Burgwyn, Chapter V
  16. ^ Ethnic Groups in Conflict (2009), Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff
  17. ^ Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict
  18. ^ Bruce E. Johansen, Resource Exploitation in Native North America: A Plague upon the Peoples
  19. ^ George W. White, Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe
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