Proto-Karelian language
FamilycolorUralic
RegionLake Lodega
AncestorProto-Uralic
Ancestor 2Proto-Finnic
Ancestor 3Proto Northern Finnic

Proto-Karelian,[1][2][3] also known as Old Karelian,[4][5] was a language once spoken on the western shore of Lake Ladoga in Karelia, from which the dialects of the Karelian language (White, Southern and Livvi), Ludic, the Ingrian language,[6] as well as the South Karelian and Savonian dialects of the Finnish language have developed.[7] It was spoken around the 12th and 13th centuries.[8] The Eastern Finnish dialects developed from Proto-Karelian when the language of the inhabitants who had moved to the area around present-day Mikkeli mixed with western, likely Tavastian, speakers of Finnish. The Livvi-Karelian dialect and Ludic developed from the mixture of the old Vepsian language spoken by the Vepsians of the Olonets Isthmus and Proto-Karelian.[9][10][11][12]

Innovations in Proto-Karelian include: the disappearance of *d and *g between vowels, the plural stem *-lOi-, the labialization of *e in post-syllables before labial consonants and the use of "männä" (with ä instead of e) for the word "mennä" (to go).[13][14] The Old Karelian language had already been in contact with Old Russian speakers within its early stages.[15]

References

  1. ^ Stolz, Thomas & Levkovych, Nataliya (2021-08-23). Areal Linguistics within the Phonological Atlas of Europe: Loan Phonemes and their Distribution. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-067273-2. Proto-Karelian had only a single sibilant *s.
  2. ^ Land, Isaac (2023-06-16). Lake Ladoga: The Coastal History of the Greatest Lake in Europe. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ISBN 978-951-858-630-5. Karelian language, the eastern dialects of Finnish, the Ludic language spoken on the western shore of Lake Onega, and the Ingrian language spoken in Ingermanland, presumably all derive from a language called proto-Karelian, which may
  3. ^ Dahl, Östen & Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001-01-01). The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3057-7. Proto-Karelian (the protolanguage of Karelian, Ingrian and Eastern Finnish dialects)
  4. ^ Abondolo, Daniel & Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31). The Uralic Languages. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-23097-7.
  5. ^ Kehayov, Petar (2017-07-24). The Fate of Mood and Modality in Language Death: Evidence from Minor Finnic. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-052199-3.
  6. ^ Strazny, Philipp (2013-02-01). Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-45523-1. Proto-Karelian made up the basis for Ingrian, but Karelian itself has developed in close contact with Veps.
  7. ^ Abondolo, Daniel & Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31). The Uralic Languages. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-23097-7.
  8. ^ Lehti, Noora. "KARJALAN KULTTUURI Matka soivaan, runolliseen ja ajattomaan Karjalaan"
  9. ^ "Selityksiä ja lisätietoja: Muinais-Karjala". Archived 5 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  10. ^ "Karjalan kielestä on olemassa tietoa ˗ ei kannata levitellä luulopuheita". Arkistoitu versio 27.10.2020 palvelussa Archive.org. Archived 27 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  11. ^ Kallio, Petri (2017-10-27). "Äännehistoriaa suomen kielen erilliskehityksen alkutaipaleilta" (in Finnish). Sananjalka. 59 (59): 7–24. doi:10.30673/sja.66609. ISSN 2489-6470
  12. ^ "Karjala – kieli, murre ja paikka" (in Finnish). Kotimaisten kielten keskus. 8 October 2002. Retrieved 2024-09-08.
  13. ^ "Muinaiskarjalaista dialektologiaa". Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  14. ^ Kallio, Petri (January 2018). "Muinaiskarjalan uralilainen tausta"
  15. ^ Koivisto, Vesa (2022-03-14). "Karjalan jälkiä suomessa: Konsonanttiyhtymä tsk suomen murteissa" (in Finnish). Virittäjä. 126 (1). doi:10.23982/vir.97362. ISSN 2242-8828