Phlyctis
TaxonPhlyctis
Authority(Wallr.) Flot. (1850)
Type speciesPhlyctis agelaea
Type species authority(Ach.) Flot. (1850)
Subdivision ranksSpecies

Phlyctis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the order Gyalectales, and the type genus of the family Phlyctidaceae.[1] Members of the genus are commonly called whitewash lichens.[2] These parasitic lichens typically form very thin, patchy crusts on host surfaces or live almost entirely within their hosts, producing minute fruiting bodies that remain largely hidden beneath a coarse white . The genus is characterised by spores that are densely divided by many walls into a net-like pattern and often have tiny points at their ends. Phlyctis contains about 20 species distributed worldwide, with several new species having been discovered in recent years, particularly from India, Australia, and other tropical regions.

Taxonomy

Phlyctis was initially circumscribed by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth in 1831 as a section of the genus Peltigera.[3] The German lichenologist Julius von Flotow promoted it to distinct genus status in 1850.[4] The Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) estimated the widespread genus to contain 12 species,[5] but several species have been described and added to the genus since then.[6][7][8]

Description

Phlyctis species are lichen parasites that either form a very thin, patchy crust on the host surface or lie almost entirely within it. When present, the thallus is smooth to slightly cracked, pale green-white to grey-green when fresh and fading to cream or pale brown as it dries; a delicate white prothallus often outlines the colony. The photosynthetic partner is a minute green alga of the genus Symbiochloris. Some species produce powdery soredia, which may remain as discrete dots or merge into larger, grainy patches.[9]

The sexual fruiting bodies are minute apothecia that stay immersed in the host thallus, only barely emerging at maturity. Their entire surface can be hidden beneath a coarse white frost (). A thin, irregular borders the , while the is poorly developed. The carries , pale-brown pigment, and both the hymenium and are colourless to faint brown. Slender paraphyses thread the hymenium; they branch only near the tips, have indistinct septa, and end in slightly swollen cells.[9]

Asci are broadly club-shaped, have thin walls that stain weakly blue in the potassium–iodide test, and contain one, two, four or eight ascospores. The spores themselves are densely —divided by many transverse and longitudinal walls—ellipsoidal to nearly spherical, often with tiny points at one or both ends. They start colourless and may turn pale yellow-brown when over-mature, and each is surrounded by a very thin, iodine-positive sheath.[9]

Asexual reproduction occurs in dark, partially immersed pycnidia. These may contain several chambers and release colourless, rod-shaped conidia produced from short, bottle-shaped cells. No characteristic secondary metabolites have been detected in the genus using thin-layer chromatography.[9]

Species

As of January 2026, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 25 species of Phlyctis.[1]

References

  1. ^
  2. ^ Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-300-08249-4.
  3. ^ Wallroth, C.F.W. (1833). Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae. Vol. 2. p. 533.
  4. ^ Flotow, J. (1850). "Lichenologische Beiträge zur Flora Europaea" [Lichenological contributions to the European flora] (in German). Botanische Zeitung. 8: 569–575.
  5. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 523. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  6. ^ Chitale, G. & Makhija, U. (2012). "A new species of the lichen genus Phlyctis from Maharashtra, India". Mycotaxon. 120: 75–79. doi:10.5248/120.75
  7. ^ Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Arachchige, Omal; Eugenia da Silva Cáceres, Marcela; Jayalal, Udeni; Aptroot, André (2016). "Eight new lichen species and 88 new records from Sri Lanka". The Bryologist. 119 (2): 131–142. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.2.131
  8. ^ McCarthy, P.M. & Elix, J.A. (2017). "A new species of Phlyctis (lichenized Ascomycota, Phlyctidaceae) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 81: 2–5.
  9. ^ Cannon, P.; Coppins, B.; Aptroot, A.; Sanderson, A.; Simkin, J. (2024). "Ostropales genera I, including Absconditella, Belonia, Clathroporinopsis, Corticifraga, Cryptodiscus, Cryptolechia, Francisrosea, Gomphillus, Gyalecta, Gyalidea, Gyalideopsis, Jamesiella, Karstenia, Nanostictis, Neopetractis, Pachyphiale, Petractis, Phialopsis, Phlyctis, Ramonia, Sagiolechia, Secoliga, Sphaeropezia, Spirographa, Stictis, Thelopsis, Thrombium and Xerotrema". Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 38. p. 28.
  10. ^ Joseph, Siljo; Sinha, Gopal Prasad; Nayaka, Sanjeeva (2020). "Taxonomic status of the genus Schismatomma (lichenized Ascomycota: Arthoniales) in India". The Lichenologist. 52 (4): 329–331. Bibcode:2020ThLic..52..329J. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000249
  11. ^ Nylander, W. (1859). "Lichenes in regionibus exoticis quibusdam vigentes exponit synopticis enumerationibus" [A synoptic listing of lichens occurring in selected exotic regions] (in Latin). Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique. 11: 205–264.
  12. ^ Lücking, R.; Moncada, B.; Soto-Medina, E.; Simijaca, D.; Sipman, H.J.M. (2021). "Actualización nomenclatural y taxonómica del Catálogo de Líquenes de Colombia" [Nomenclatural and taxonomic revision of the Catalogue of Colombian Lichens] (in Spanish). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. 45 (174): 147–189.
  13. ^ Joshi, Santosh; Upreti, Dalip K.; Mishra, Gaurav K.; Divakar, Pradeep K. (2010). "Two new species of the lichen genus Phlyctis in India". The Bryologist. 113 (4): 724–727. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.4.724
  14. ^ Lendemer, J.C. (2005). "Lichens of Eastern North America Exsiccati. Fascicle IV, nos. 151–200". Opuscula Philolichenum. 2: 37–52. doi:10.5962/p.381850
  15. ^ Joshi, Santosh; Upreti, Dalip K.; Nayaka, Sanjeeva (2012). "Two new species in the lichen genus Phlyctis (Phlyctidaceae) from India". The Lichenologist. 44 (3): 363–369. Bibcode:2012ThLic..44..363J. doi:10.1017/s0024282911000879
  16. ^ Muscavitch, Zachary M.; Lendemer, James C.; Harris, Richard C. (2017). "A review of the lichen genus Phlyctis in North America (Phlyctidaceae) including the description of a new widespread saxicolous species from eastern North America". The Bryologist. 120 (4): 388–417. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-120.4.388
  17. ^ Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G.A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U. et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity". Phytotaxa. 18 (1): 9–11. Bibcode:2011Phytx..18....1L. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1
  18. ^ Poengsungnoen, Vasun; Buaruang, Kawinnat; Vongshewarat, Kajonsak; Sangvichien, Ek; Boonpragob, Kansri; Mongkolsuk, Pachara; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2019). "Three new crustose lichens from Thailand". The Bryologist. 122 (3): 451–456. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-122.3.451
  19. ^ Ma, Rui; Li, Hong-Mei; Wang, Hai-Ying; Zhao, Zun-Tian (2011). "A new species of Phlyctis (Phlyctidaceae) from China". Mycotaxon. 114 (1): 361–366. doi:10.5248/114.361
  20. ^ Stirton, J. (1875). "Additions to the Lichen-flora of New Zealand". Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 14 (78): 458–474. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1875.tb00343.x