A star is a massive luminous spheroid astronomical object made of plasma that is held together by its own gravity. Stars exhibit great diversity in their properties (such as mass, volume, velocity, stage in stellar evolution, and distance from Earth) and some of the outliers are so disproportionate in comparison with the general population that they are considered extreme. This is a list of such stars.

Records that are regarded as authoritative and unlikely to change at any given point are recorded on a white background, while those that could change with new information and/or discoveries are recorded on a grey background.

Age and distance

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Nearest starSun3rd century BC1 AUOur local star's distance was first determined in the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos. Reported for reference
Second-nearest starProxima Centauri19151.30 pcAlso called Alpha Centauri C, it is the outlying star in a trinary star system that includes Alpha Centauri A (Rigil Kentaurus) and Alpha Centauri B (Toliman). This is currently the nearest known neighbouring star to our own Sun. This star was discovered in 1915, and its parallax was determined at the time, when enough observations were established.[NB 1][1][2]List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
Most distant individually seen starWHL0137-LS (Earendel)2022z= 6.2 ± 0.1 12.9 GlyMost likely a star cluster.[3][4][5]List of most distant stars
Most distant galaxyStars in MoM-z142025z= 14.44 13.53 Gly (light travel distance)[6]List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most distant star gravitationally bound to Milky Way galaxyULAS J0015+012014900,000 light-yearsLocated in the Milky Way's extreme outer halo, far beyond the galactic disc.[7]
Oldest star2MASS J18082002−5104378201813.53 billion years[8][9]List of oldest stars
YoungestStars are being formed constantly in the universe so it is impossible to tell which star is the youngest. For information on the properties of newly formed stars, see Protostar, Young stellar object and Star formation.
Nearest stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Nearest extrasolar starProxima Centauri (Alpha Centauri C)19151.30 parsecs (4.2 ly)Before Proxima, the title had been held by Alpha Centauri A & B.[NB 1][NB 2][10][11]
Nearest red dwarfBefore Proxima, the title had been held by Barnard's Star.
Nearest degenerate starSirius B18528.6 light-years (2.6 pc)This is also the nearest white dwarf.[NB 3]
Nearest subdwarfKapteyn's Star189812.83 light-years (3.93 pc)Kapteyn's star is either a sdM1 subdwarf[12] or a M1.5V main-sequence star.[13][14] WISEA 1810−1010 is the nearest undisputed subdwarf, at 29.03 light-years (8.90 pc).[15][16]
Nearest subgiantProcyon11.5 light-years (3.5 pc)All stars closer to the Sun are main sequence, degenerate stars or brown dwarfs.
Nearest giant starPollux33.8 light-years (10.4 pc)List of nearest giant stars
Nearest supergiantEpsilon Leonis247 light-years (76 pc)While being a giant star based on spectrum, in evolutionary terms the star is a supergiant.[17]List of nearest supergiants
Nearest hypergiantμ Cephei (Garnet Star)3,060 light-years (940 pc)[18]
Nearest carbon starCW Leonis310 light-years (95 pc)
Nearest M-type starProxima Centauri19151.30 parsecs (4.2 ly)List of nearest M-type stars
Nearest K-type starAlpha Centauri B1.33 parsecs (4.3 ly)List of nearest K-type stars
Nearest G-type starSun1 AUList of nearest G-type stars
Nearest F-type starProcyon11.46 light-years (3.51 pc)[19]List of nearest F-type stars
Nearest A-type starSirius8.6 light-years (2.6 pc)List of nearest A-type stars
Nearest B-type starRegulus79.3 light-years (24.3 pc)[20]List of nearest B-type stars
Nearest O-type starZeta Ophiuchi420 ly (130 parsecs)[21]List of nearest O-type stars
Nearest Wolf–Rayet starGamma Velorum1,080 light-years (330 pc)
Nearest neutron starRX J1856.35-37542000400 light-years (120 pc)[22][23][24]
Nearest white dwarfSirius B18528.6 light-years (2.6 pc)Sirius B is also the second white dwarf discovered, after 40 Eridani B.[10][25][26]
Nearest brown dwarfLuhman 1620136.5 light-years (2.0 pc)This is a pair of brown dwarfs in a binary system, with no other stars.[27]
Nearest luminous blue variableP Cygni5,251 light-years (1,610 pc)[28]

Brightness and power

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Brightest star from the Earth: Apparent magnitudeSunprehistoricm=−26.74 Reported for reference
[NB 4][NB 5]
Brightest star other than the SunSirius
(Alpha Canis Majoris)		prehistoricm= −1.46
See also: Historical brightest stars
[NB 4][NB 5][NB 6]List of brightest stars
Dimmest star from the EarthUDF 2457m= 25[NB 4][NB 5]
Brightest star in a transient eventProgenitor of SN 10061006m= −7.5This was a supernova, and its remnant (SNR) is catalogued as PKS 1459-41.[NB 1][NB 4][NB 5][29]
Most luminous starLGGS J004246.86+413336.42022L= 19,953,000 LSun[30]List of most luminous stars
Least luminous star2MASS J0523−14032013L=0.000126LSun[NB 2][NB 7][31]
Most luminous star in a transient eventProgenitor of GRB 080916C2008V=−40The star exploded in a gamma-ray burst with the total energy equal to 9,000 supernovae.[NB 8]List of gamma-ray bursts
Most energetic starR136a12010B=-12.5[NB 7][32]List of most luminous stars
Most energetic star in a transient eventProgenitor of GRB 080916C2008[NB 7]
Hottest starWR 102T= 200,000 K (200,000 °C; 360,000 °F)[33]List of hottest stars
Coolest starS CassiopeiaeT= 1,800 K (1,530 °C; 2,780 °F)[34]List of coolest stars
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Hottest white dwarfRX J0439.8-68092015250,000 K (450,000 °F)[35][36][37]
Hottest neutron starPSR B0943+103,100,000 K (5,580,000 °F)Blackbody temperature of a small emitting area at the poles[38]
Hottest brown dwarfZTF J1406+1222 B202210,462 K (10,189 °C; 18,372 °F)[39]
Coolest neutron star
Coolest white dwarfPSR J2222−0137 B2014<3,000 K (2,730 °C; 4,940 °F)[37][40]
Coolest brown dwarfWISE 0855−07142014285 K (12 °C; 53 °F)[41][42]

Size and mass

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Largest apparent size starSunprehistoric
(3rd century BC)		31.6′ – 32.7′The apparent size of the Sun was first measured by Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC,[43] who was the second person to measure the distance to the Sun. However, Thales of Miletus provided a measurement for the real size of the Sun in the 6th century BC, as 1⁄720 the great circle of the Sun (the orbit of the Earth).[44] Reported for reference
[NB 5]
Largest extrasolar apparent size starR Doradus19970.057"This replaced Betelgeuse as the largest, Betelgeuse having been the first star other than the Sun to have its apparent size measured.[NB 1][NB 5][45]
Smallest apparent size starMost distant stars to Earth[NB 5]
Largest starWOH G64 A20091,540 ± 77 Solar radius

This parameter is consistent with the properties of the largest galactic red supergiants (such as VY Canis Majoris) and with theoretical models of the largest supergiants, at least in hydrostatic equilibrium (e.g. the Hayashi limit or the Humphreys–Davidson limit).[46] VX Sagittarii reaches an average radius of 1,556 ± 110 Solar radius with an amplitude of about during its active pulsation phase, having reached a maximum reported radius of 1,798 ± 127 Solar radius in September 2019.[47]

Stephenson 2 DFK 1 has an estimated radius of . However, it is potentially not a member of the Stephenson 2 cluster, and since its distance has been derived from its radial velocity, discrepancy with a trigonometric distance may be over 50%.[48][49] In addition, its unusual spectral energy distribution suggests an even larger estimate than any red supergiant, and its slightly off radial velocity indicates a foreground star instead.[48][50]

[46]List of largest stars
Smallest starBE Ursae Majoris A20080.046 ± 0.002 Solar radius[NB 2][51]List of smallest stars
Most massive starR136a12025291 ± 46 Solar massThis exceeds the predicted limit of , previously believed to be the limit of stellar mass, according to the leading star formation theories. R136a1 considered the most massive known by the scientific community.[52][53]List of most massive stars
Least massive star2MASS J0523−140320210.07 Solar mass[NB 2][54]List of least massive stars
Most massive stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Most massive brown dwarfLup 6072021105 MJupiterThis is at the limit between brown dwarfs and red dwarfs.[55][56][57]
Most massive degenerate starThe most massive type of degenerate star is the neutron star. See Most massive neutron star for this recordholder.[NB 3]
Most massive neutron starPSR J0740+66202019Several candidates exist which have a higher mass; however, their mass has been measured by less precise methods and as such their mass value is regarded as less certain.[58]List of most massive neutron stars
Most massive neutron star (disputed)PSR J1748-2021B2015[59]
Most massive white dwarfRE J0317-853/ZTF J1901+14581998/20201.35 MSun[60][61]
Least massive stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Least massive neutron starHESS J1731-34720220.77 solar mass[62][63]
Least massive white dwarfNLTT 1174820210.13 solar mass[37]
Least massive brown dwarf(unnamed)20233 – 4 Located in the star cluster IC 348[64][65]Sub-brown dwarf

Motion

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Highest proper motionBarnard's Star10.3 "/yrThis is also the fourth closest star to the Solar System.[66][67]
Lowest proper motionN/AN/A~0 "/yrBillions of stars on the other end of the galaxy
Highest radial velocity
Lowest radial velocityEY Aquarii2013-870 km/sMira variable[NB 9][68]
Highest peculiar motion
Lowest peculiar motion
Highest rotational speed of a normal starVFTS 1022013600 km/s[NB 2][69]
Lowest rotational speed
Fastest velocity of a starS5-HVS120191,755 km/s[70][71][72][73]

Star systems

TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Least stars in a star systemThere are many single star systems.
Most stars in a star systemQZ CarinaeNonuple star system[74]System contains at least nine stars.[74][NB 10][74]
Stars in the closest orbit around one anotherThere are many stars that are in contact binary systems (where two or more stars are in physical contact with each other).
Stars in the most distant orbit around one anotherRegulus/SDSS J1007+19302024~3.9 parsecs (13 ly)[75]
Nearest multiple star systemAlpha Centauri18391.30 parsecs (4.2 ly)This was one of the first three stars to have its distance measured.[76][77][10][78]
Nearest solitary starBarnard's Star19161.83 parsecs (6.0 ly)
Nearest binary star systemLuhman 1620131.998 parsecs (6.52 ly)Brown dwarf binary system. The nearest non-brown dwarf binary is Sirius, and the nearest composed entirely of main-sequence stars is Luyten 726-8.
Nearest trinary star systemAlpha Centauri18391.38 parsecs (4.5 ly)Also nearest multiple star system, and nearest star system of any type
Nearest quaternary star systemGliese 5705.88 parsecs (19.2 ly)K4 star orbited by a pair of M stars, all orbited by a T7 brown dwarf
Nearest quintenary star systemV1054 Ophiuchi6.46 parsecs (21.1 ly)M3 star orbited by a pair of pair of M4 stars, together orbited by an M3.5 star, all orbited by an M7 star
Nearest sextenary star systemCastor171815.6 parsecs (51 ly)A1 star orbited by a red dwarf, both orbited by another A star orbited by a red dwarf, all orbited by two red dwarfs orbiting each other
Nearest septenary star systemNu Scorpii150 parsecs (490 ly)A B3V star orbited by an unknown-type star, both orbited by another unknown star, together orbited by another unknown star, all orbited by a B9III star orbiting a pair of stars which are a B9III and unknown star

Notes

  1. ^ Other than the Sun
  2. ^ A normal star is a star that is past its protostar period, in its main fusion period, before becoming a degenerate star, black hole, or post-stellar nebula, and is not a failed star (brown dwarf).
  3. ^ Not including stellar-mass black holes or exotic stars
  4. ^ By visual magnitude (m)
  5. ^ This is the appearance in the sky from Earth.
  6. ^ This does not include brightest stars due to outbursts
  7. ^ Energetic here is the total electromagnetic energy emitted by a star in all wavelengths.
  8. ^ Luminosity here represents how bright a star is if all stars were equally far away, in visible light.
  9. ^ Stars with particularly high radial velocities are usually erroneously recorded, so all large values should be taken with a grain of salt.
  10. ^ The allowable distance between components of a star system is debated.

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