Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, has 112 diplomatic missions across the world as of December 2024.[a] Due to the One-China principle held by the People's Republic of China on the Mainland China, other states are only allowed to maintain relations with one of the two countries.[1] As most countries have changed their recognition to the latter over time, only 13 of Taiwan's diplomatic missions have official status, consisting of twelve embassies and one consulate-general.[2] This makes Taiwan one of the few countries in the world that has resident embassies in all of the states with which it has formal diplomatic relations.[3]

Despite these barriers, about 60 United Nations members maintain relations with Taiwan on an unofficial basis.[3] In addition, Taiwan has official relations with the Order of Malta, a UN observer entity and Somaliland, a state with limited recognition.[4][5] To serve these locations and other places throughout the world, 92 semi-official representative offices are utilized for matters that would otherwise be handled by embassies or consulates. Their heads are still appointed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, making them de facto missions.[6] Owing to pressure from the People's Republic, most of these offices cannot operate under either the country's official or common name, using the name of the capital Taipei instead to avoid addressing Taiwan's political status.[7] There have recently been two notable exceptions to this; the offices in Somaliland (opened 2020) and Lithuania (2021) use "Taiwan" in their names.[8][9][6][10][11] Taiwan also maintains permanent missions to the European Union and the World Trade Organization, with the latter under the name "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kimmen and Matsu".[12]

Taiwan has also established informal representation in China's two Special Administrative Regions. In Hong Kong, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Hong Kong provides services similar to a consulate,[13][14] while relations to Macau are handled by the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Macau.[15] In addition, under a mechanism established in 2010, the Taiwanese government is directly represented in negotiations with its Hong Kong counterpart by the Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council (ECCC), with the latter operating a similar office in reciprocation.[16] Taiwan also maintains unofficial diplomatic exchanges with China using the Straits Exchange Foundation, but the organization does not have a physical presence in the mainland as of 2020.[17]

Current missions

Embassies and Consulates-general

Sources:[18][19][20]

Host countryReigionHost cityMissionYear OpenedJurisdictionRef.
BelizeAmericasBelize CityEmbassy1989[21]
EswatiniAfricaMbabaneEmbassy1968[22]
GuatemalaAmericasGuatemala CityEmbassy[b]1935[23]
HaitiAmericasPort-au-PrinceEmbassy[c]1960[24]
Holy SeeEuropeRome[d]Embassy[e]1943[25]
Marshall IslandsOceaniaMajuroEmbassy1998[26]
PalauOceaniaKororEmbassy1999[27]
ParaguayAmericasAsunciónEmbassy1959[28]
Ciudad del EsteConsulate-general1988[28]
Saint Kitts and NevisAmericasBasseterreEmbassy1984[29]
Saint LuciaAmericasGros IsletEmbassy2007[30]
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesAmericasKingstownEmbassy1983[31]
TuvaluOceaniaFunafutiEmbassy1998[32]

Representative Offices

Sources:[18][19][33]

Africa

Host countryHost cityMissionYear OpenedJurisdictionRef.
Ivory CoastAbidjanRepresentative Office2022[f][34]
NigeriaLagos[g]Trade Office1991[35]
SomalilandHargeisaRepresentative Office2020[36]
South AfricaPretoriaLiaison Office1998[37]
Cape TownLiaison Office1998[37]

Americas

Host countryHost cityMissionYear OpenedJurisdictionRef.
ArgentinaBuenos AiresCommercial and Cultural Office1972[38]
BrazilBrasíliaEconomic and Cultural Office1992[39]
São PauloEconomic and Cultural Office1975[39]
CanadaOttawaEconomic and Cultural Office1993[40]
MontrealEconomic and Cultural Office2023[41]
TorontoEconomic and Cultural Office1991[40]
VancouverEconomic and Cultural Office1991[42]
ChileSantiagoEconomic and Cultural Office1975[43]
ColombiaBogotáCommercial Office1980[44]
EcuadorQuitoCommercial Office1977[45]
MexicoMexico CityEconomic and Cultural Office1989[46]
PeruLimaEconomic and Cultural Office1978[47]
United StatesWashington, D.C.Economic and Cultural Representative Office1979
AtlantaEconomic and Cultural Office1979
BostonEconomic and Cultural Office1982[48]
ChicagoEconomic and Cultural Office1979[49]
Denver[h]Economic and Cultural Office2015[50]
Hagåtña,
Economic and Cultural Office1991[i][51]
HonoluluEconomic and Cultural Office1979[52]
HoustonEconomic and Cultural Office1979
Los AngelesEconomic and Cultural Office1979
MiamiEconomic and Cultural Office1988[53][54]
New York CityEconomic and Cultural Office1979
San FranciscoEconomic and Cultural Office1979
SeattleEconomic and Cultural Office1979

Asia

Host countryHost cityMissionYear OpenedJurisdictionRef.
BahrainManamaTrade Office1977[55]
BruneiBandar Seri BegawanEconomic and Cultural Office1978[j][56]
ChinaEconomic and Cultural Office1990[57][14]
Economic and Cultural Office1999
IndiaNew DelhiEconomic and Cultural Center1995[58]
ChennaiEconomic and Cultural Center2012[59]
MumbaiEconomic and Cultural Center2024[60]
IndonesiaJakartaEconomic and Trade Office1971[61]
SurabayaEconomic and Trade Office2015[62]
IsraelTel AvivEconomic and Cultural Office1993[63]
JapanTokyoEconomic and Cultural Representative Office1972[64]
FukuokaBranch Office1972[64]
NahaBranch Office1958[k][65][66]
OsakaEconomic and Cultural Office1972[64]
SapporoBranch Office2009[67]
YokohamaBranch Office1972[64]
JordanAmmanEconomic and Cultural Office1977[68]
KuwaitKuwait CityCommercial Representative Office1986[69]
MalaysiaKuala LumpurEconomic and Cultural Office1974[61]
MongoliaUlaanbaatarTrade and Economic Representative Office2002[70]
MyanmarYangonEconomic and Cultural Office2016[71]
OmanMuscatEconomic and Cultural Office1977[72]
PhilippinesManilaEconomic and Cultural Office1975[61]
Saudi ArabiaRiyadhEconomic and Cultural Representative Office1990[73]
SingaporeSingaporeRepresentative Office1969[61]
South KoreaSeoulMission1993[74]
BusanOffice2004[74]
ThailandBangkokEconomic and Cultural Office1980[61]
TurkeyAnkaraEconomic and Cultural Mission1989[75]
United Arab EmiratesDubaiCommercial Office1979[76]
VietnamHanoiEconomic and Cultural Office1992[77]
Ho Chi Minh CityEconomic and Cultural Office1992[77]

Europe

Host countryHost cityMissionYear OpenedJurisdictionRef.
AustriaViennaEconomic and Culture Office1972[78][79]
BelgiumBrusselsRepresentative Office1976[78]
Czech RepublicPragueEconomic and Cultural Office1991[80]
DenmarkCopenhagenRepresentative Office1980[81]
FinlandHelsinkiRepresentative Office1990[80]
FranceParisRepresentative Office1972[78]
Aix-en-ProvenceOffice2020[82]
GermanyBerlinRepresentative Office1981[80]
FrankfurtOffice1999[78]
HamburgOffice1964
MunichOffice1999[80]
GreeceAthensRepresentative Office1973[83][84]
HungaryBudapestRepresentative Office1990[80]
IrelandDublinRepresentative Office1988[80]
ItalyRomeRepresentative Office1990[85]
MilanOffice2023[86]
LatviaRigaMission1997[87][88]
LithuaniaVilniusRepresentative Office2021[11]
NetherlandsThe HagueRepresentative Office1979[78]
PolandWarsawRepresentative Office1992[80]
PortugalLisbonEconomic and Cultural Center1992[80]
RussiaMoscowRepresentative Office1993[89]
SlovakiaBratislavaRepresentative Office2003[90]
SpainMadridEconomic and Cultural Office1973[78]
SwedenStockholmMission1981[78]
SwitzerlandBern[l]Cultural and Economic Delegation1994[91]
GenevaOffice1997[91]
United KingdomLondonRepresentative Office1963[78]
EdinburghOffice1998[92]

Oceania

Host countryHost cityMissionYear OpenedJurisdictionRef.
AustraliaCanberraEconomic and Cultural Office1988[93]
BrisbaneEconomic and Cultural Office2005[94]
MelbourneEconomic and Cultural Office1979[93]
SydneyEconomic and Cultural Office1979[93]
FijiSuvaTrade Office1971[95]
New ZealandWellingtonEconomic and Cultural Office1991[96]
AucklandEconomic and Cultural Office1973[97]
Papua New GuineaPort MoresbyEconomic and Cultural Office1990[98]

Multilateral organizations

OrganizationHost CityHost countryMissionYear OpenedJurisdictionRef.
European UnionBrusselsBelgiumRepresentative Office2001[99]
World Trade OrganizationGenevaSwitzerlandPermanent Mission2002[100]

Closed missions

Key
Mission closed due to withdrawal of official diplomatic recognition
Same as above, but an unofficial office was set up to succeed it that is still in operation
List of defunct diplomatic missions as of 2021
CountryRegionCityMissionOpenedClosedNotesRef(s)
BangladeshAsiaDhakaEmbassy (de facto)[m]20042009Reassigned to representative office in India[58][101]
BelarusEuropeMinskEmbassy (de facto)[n]19962006Reassigned to representative office in Russia[102][103]
AfricaCotonouEmbassy[o]1965[104]
AmericasLa PazEmbassy (de facto)[p]19902009[105][106]
AfricaGaboroneEmbassy [q]1974[107]
Burkina FasoAfricaOuagadougouEmbassy[r]2018[108]
Khmer RepublicAsiaPhnom Penh"Military mission"19721975[109]
CambodiaAsiaPhnom PenhEmbassy (de facto)[s]19941997[110][111]
AfricaBanguiEmbassy[t]1964[112]
AmericasBogotáEmbassy [u]19471980Initially legation, promoted to embassy in 1961[44]
BarranquillaConsulate-general19721980Initially consulate, promoted to consulate-general in 1979[44]
Consulate (de facto)19801991[44]
AmericasSan JoséEmbassy2007[113]
AmericasRoseauEmbassy[v]2004[114]
Dominican RepublicAmericasSanto DomingoEmbassy[w]2018[115]
AmericasGuayaquilConsulate (de facto)19741998[45]
AmericasSan SalvadorEmbassy[x]2018[116]
AfricaLibrevilleEmbassy[y]1974[117]
GambiaAfricaBanjulEmbassy[z]1974[118]
19962013[119][120]
EuropeAthensEmbassy [aa]19291972Started as legation, promoted to embassy in 1947[83]
AmericasTegucigalpaEmbassy19572023Started as legation, promoted to consulate in 1962, then embassy in 1965[121]
San Pedro SulaConsulate-general19972023[122]
Empire of JapanAsiaTaihokuConsulate-General[ab]19301945[123]
JapanAsiaNagasakiConsulate19121970Japan broke off diplomatic relations with Taiwan in 1972, when two years after the closure of the consulate in Nagasaki.[124]
KiribatiOceaniaBairikiEmbassy[ac]20042019[125][126]
LatviaEuropeRigaConsulate-general[ad][ae]19921994[127]
AfricaMonroviaEmbassy[z]19572003Started as legation, promoted to embassy in 1960[128][129][130]
LibyaAfricaTripoliEmbassy (de facto)[af]19801997[131]
20082011Closed due to the First Libyan Civil War[132][133]
EuropeLuxembourgEmbassy (de facto)[ag]19752002Reassigned to representative mission in Belgium/EU[78][134]
North MacedoniaEuropeSkopjeEmbassy[ah][ai]19992001[135][136]
MacauAsiaMacauEmbassy (de facto)[aj]19451966Special commissariat[137][138]
AfricaAntananarivoEmbassy[z]19601972Formerly a consulate-general before Madagascar's independence[139]
MalawiAfricaLilongweEmbassy[z]2008[140]
OceaniaAiwoEmbassy19802024Originally consulate-general, promoted to embassy in 1990, closed due to breaking off of relations between 2002-2005 and since 2024.[32][2]
AmericasManaguaEmbassy [v]19302021Originally consulate-general, promoted to legation in 1955 and then embassy in 1965, closed due to breaking off of relations in 1985-1990 and since 2021.[141][142]
AfricaNiameyEmbassy[t]1974[143]
AfricaAbujaEmbassy (de facto)[ak]20012018Ultimately temporary relocation of Lagos office[144][145]
NorwayEuropeOsloEmbassy (de facto)[al]19802017Reassigned to representative mission in Sweden[78][146]
AmericasPanama CityEmbassy[am]2017[147]
ColónConsulate-general2009[148]
AfricaKigaliEmbassy[an]1972[149]
PeruAmericasLimaEmbassy [ao]19111971Continuation of Qing embassy opened in 1875[150]
Saudi ArabiaAsiaJeddahConsulate (de facto)2017Reassigned to main office in Riyadh[146]
São Tomé and PríncipeAfricaSão ToméEmbassy[ap]2016[151]
Solomon IslandsOceaniaHoniaraEmbassy[ac]2019[152]
South AfricaAfricaPretoriaEmbassy[aq]19761998Succeeded by unofficial representative office[153][37]
JohannesburgConsulate19121998Continuation of a Qing-era consulate, succeeded by unofficial representative office[153][37]
Consulate (de facto)19982009[37][148]
Cape TownConsulate[ar]19731998[154][37]
AfricaDakarEmbassy[as]1964[155]
EuropeZürichEmbassy (de facto)19732007Merged with Bern office[91]
LausanneConsulate (de facto)19791994Moved to Bern[91]
AfricaLoméEmbassy[as]1972[156]
OceaniaNukuʻalofaEmbassy[at]1998[157]
AmericasMontevideoEmbassy[au]19571988[158]
Embassy (de facto)19922002Closure in 2002 intended to be temporary, no record since
Reassigned to representative mission in Argentina		[158][159]
United StatesAmericasWashington, D.C.Embassy[av]19121978Continuation of Qing legation, promoted to embassy in 1935[160][161][162]
ChicagoConsulate [aw]19301979[49]
Kansas CityConsulate19741978[163][164]
Consulate (de facto)19852015Moved to Denver[50]
VenezuelaAmericasCaracasEmbassy (de facto)[am]19742009[165]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ This figure includes 110 diplomatic posts and permanent missions, official and unofficial, outside of China as of December 2024,[2][166] and two offices in Hong Kong and Macau. The Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium is counted as one mission.
  2. ^ Initially consulate, promoted to legation in 1954 and embassy in 1960
  3. ^ Initially legation, promoted to embassy in 1965
  4. ^ Located outside Vatican territory in Rome, Italy, a country in which Taiwan is not recognized.
  5. ^ Started as legation, promoted to embassy in 1959
  6. ^ Previously closed in 2017
  7. ^ Previously located in Abuja from 2001 to 2018
  8. ^ Moved from Kansas City office that was originally opened in 1985
  9. ^ Closed between 2017 and 2020
  10. ^ Closed between 2006 and 2007
  11. ^ Operated by a separate organization until 2006 due to the Senkaku Islands dispute
  12. ^ Moved from Lausanne office
  13. ^ Resident in Bangkok, Thailand
  14. ^ Resident in Moscow, Russia
  15. ^ Served by both the representative office in Nigeria and representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
  16. ^ Resident in Lima, Peru
  17. ^ Resident in Pretoria, Gauteng, China
  18. ^ Burkina Faso is served by both the representative offices in France and Nigeria.
  19. ^ Resident in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  20. ^ Resident in Paris, Ile-de-France, France
  21. ^ Continues as a Commercial Office nowadays.
  22. ^ Resident in Washington, D.C., United States
  23. ^ Dominican Republic is served by both the Embassy in Guatemala and the representative office in Miami, United States.
  24. ^ Resident in Guatemala City, Guatemala
  25. ^ Gabon is served by both the representative office in Belgium and the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
  26. ^ Resident in Lagos, Nigeria
  27. ^ Now continues as a Taipei Representative Office in Greece.
  28. ^ In 1930, the Nationalist government opened the consulate-general in Taihoku (Taipei), when Taiwan was under Japanese rule until it was closed in 1945 after the end of the war. It was succeeded by an unofficial representative office that is still operating.
  29. ^ Resident in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
  30. ^ Although Latvia did not establish relations with Taiwan, it allowed the consulate to function as an official diplomatic office. It was succeeded by an unofficial representative office that is still operating.
  31. ^ Continues as a mission nowadays.
  32. ^ Resident in Amman, Jordan
  33. ^ Resident in Brussels, Belgium
  34. ^ Although embassies were established by each country, relations only went up to ministerial level, and the Taiwanese embassy was staffed with a chargé d'affaires.
  35. ^ Resident in Rome, Lazio, Italy
  36. ^ Continues as a Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau.
  37. ^ Relocated to Lagos.
  38. ^ Resident in Stockholm, Sweden
  39. ^ Resident in Bogotá, Colombia
  40. ^ Served by the representative offices in Belgium, France and South Africa.
  41. ^ Continues as a Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Peru.
  42. ^ Resident in Lisbon, Portugal
  43. ^ Now continues as a Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa.
  44. ^ Continues as a Taipei Liaison Office in Cape Town nowadays.
  45. ^ Served by the representative offices in Paris and Aix-en-Provence, France.
  46. ^ Resident in Suva, Rewa, Central, Fiji
  47. ^ Resident in Buenos Aires, Argentina
  48. ^ Continues as a Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States.
  49. ^ Continues as a Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Chicago.

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General bibliography