Kolopom
RegionKolepom Island, South Papua
FamilycolorPapuan
Fam 1Trans–New Guinea
Fam 2Kayagar–Kolopom
Glottokolo1268
GlottorefnameKolopom

The Kolopom languages are a family of Trans–New Guinea languages in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and of Malcolm Ross (2005). Along with the Mombum languages, they are the languages spoken on Kolepom Island (Yos Sudarso Island) in South Papua, Indonesia.

Languages

The Kolopom languages are:[1]

Proto-language

Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[1]

{|

| *m || *n || || |- | *p || *t || *s || *k |- | *mb || *nd || *ndz || *ŋg |- | [*w] || [*r] || [*j] || [*ɣ] |}

{|

|*i|| ||*u |- |*e||*ɵ||*o |- |*æ||*a|| |}

Pronouns

Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[1]

{|

! !!sg!!pl |- !1 |*n[a/o] ||*nie |- !2 |*K[a/o] (?) ||*ŋgie |- !3 |*ep ||*emDe |}

Basic vocabulary

Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[1]

{| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Proto-Kolopom |- | head || *tipV; *mVrV[w] |- | hair/feathers || *muen[a] |- | ear/mind || ? *mVrVk; *[ndz][o/u]an |- | eye || *VnV |- | nose || *ŋgon |- | tooth || *t[e]r[a]k |- | tongue || *mepreŋg |- | blood || *iendz |- | breast/milk || *mam |- | louse || *nemeŋg |- | dog || *n[ia] |- | pig || *k[o/u][a] |- | egg || *uak |- | tree/wood || *nd[ua]t |- | man/person || *ndz[ia]p |- | woman/wife || *jowa[k] |- | moon || *kumbanV |- | water || *ndzu |- | stone || *mete |- | name || *n[e/a][k/ŋg] |- | two || *[j]enapa; *sVp |}

Cognates

Cognates among Kolopom languages listed by Evans (2018):[2]

{|

|+ Kolopom family cognates ! gloss !! Kimaghama !! Riantana !! Ndom !! Marori |- | stone || mɛtɛ || mɛtoe || mɛtə || mɛrɛ / mara |- | cheek || cama || cəma || – || sama |- | name || nɛ || na || nar || neɣ / naw |- | rope || niɛ || na || nɛɣ || naʒ |}

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970)[3] and Voorhoeve (1975),[4] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[5]

The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. mete, meːt, metö for “stone”) or not (e.g. tuakwo, reːt, modo for “head”).

{| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Kimaghima !! Ndom !! Riantana |- ! head | tuakwo || reːt || modo |- ! hair | muna || tomwen || rutivö |- ! eye | avuo || ununor || anömbö |- ! tooth | travae || trex || tudömbo |- ! leg | kura || tur || teː |- ! louse | nöme || neːmön || nöme |- ! dog | nöe || wawant || nia |- ! pig | ku || yar || ku |- ! bird | axanemö || nembörfe || ne |- ! egg | wo || wax || winömbana |- ! blood | dörö || eth || yerana |- ! bone | duno || in || nduka |- ! skin | krara || krikir || kwika |- ! tree | do || ndör; ndua || ndör; ndua |- ! man | ci || xarefe theref || rianoana |- ! sun | öre || wen || meːnoŋwa |- ! water | cu || wer || rö |- ! fire | i || u || drö |- ! stone | mete || meːt || metö |- ! name | ne || nar || ria |- ! eat | muye || xot || mora |- ! one | növere || sas || meːbö |- ! two | kave || thef || enava |}

Evolution

Kolopom reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[6]

Kimaghana language:

  • kura ‘leg’ < *k(a,o)ndok[V]
  • nome ‘louse’ < *niman
  • nanu ‘older sibling’ < *nana(i)

Riantana language:

  • mu ‘breast’ < *amu
  • modo ‘head’ < *mVtVna
  • nome ‘louse’ < *niman

References

  1. ^ New Guinea World, Kolopom
  2. ^ Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. Vol. 4. The World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  3. ^ McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. doi:10.15144/PL-B16
  4. ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
  5. ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  6. ^ Pawley, Andrew & Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. Vol. 4. The World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.