Kalinga language

Kalinga (ka'liŋɡa) is a dialect continuum of Kalinga Province in the Philippines, spoken by the Kalinga people, alongside Ilocano. The Banao Itneg variety is not one of the neighboring Itneg languages.

Dialects

Ronald Himes (1997) divides Kalinga into three dialects: Masadiit (in Abra), Northern Kalinga, and South-Central Kalinga.^[1]

Ethnologue reports the following locations for each of the eight Kalinga languages it identifies. Banao Itneg is classified by Ethnologue as Kalinga rather than Itneg.

• Butbut Kalinga: spoken in Kalinga Province: Tinglayan and Butbut; Buscalan, Bugnay, Loccong, and Ngibat; Tabuk, Lucnang, Pakak, Kataw, and Dinongsay. Also in Rizal: Annunang, Malapiat, Andarayan, and Bua. 15,000 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing),^[2] 1,000 monoglots.^[2]
• Limos Kalinga (Limos-Liwan Kalinga, Northern Kalinga): spoken in Kalinga Province (Tabuk, north to border) and Conner municipality, Apayao Province. 12,700 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing).^[3]
• Lubuagan Kalinga: spoken in Kalinga Province (Lubuagan and Tabuk). 30,000 speakers. Dialects are Guinaang, Balbalasang, Ableg-Salegseg, and Balatok-Kalinga (Balatok-Itneg). Pasil Kalinga.,^[4] Language status is 5 (developing).^[4]
• Mabaka Valley Kalinga (Kal-Uwan, Mabaka, Mabaka Itneg): spoken in Conner municipality, Apayao Province, as well as western Abra and northern Kalinga Province.
• Majukayang Kalinga (Madukayang): spoken in Tabuk, Kalinga Province and in Paracelis municipality, Mountain Province. 1,500 speakers as of 1990.,^[5] Language status is 6a. (Vigorous).^[5]
• Southern Kalinga: spoken in Kalinga Province (Lubuagan municipality; some also in Tabuk) and Mountain Province (13 villages of Sadanga and Sagada municipalities). 11,000 speakers as of 1980.^[6] Dialects are Mallango, Sumadel, Bangad, and Tinglayan.^[7]
• Tanudan Kalinga (Lower Tanudan, Lower Tanudan Kalinga, Mangali Kalinga): spoken at the southern end of the Tanudan valley in southern Kalinga Province. 11,200 speakers as of 1998. Dialects are Minangali (Mangali), Tinaloctoc (Taluctoc), Pinangol (Pangul), Dacalan, and Lubo. Language status is 5 (developing). 1,120 monoglots.^[8]
• Banao Itneg (Banao, Banaw, Itneg, Timggian, Tinguian, Vanaw, Vyanaw, Bhanaw Tinggian): spoken in Kalinga Province (Balbalan and Pasil municipalities) and Abra (Daguioman and Malibcong municipalities). 3,500 speakers as of 2003. Dialects are Malibcong Banao, Banao Pikekj, Gubang Itneg and Daguioman.^[9]

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

/a/ can also have an allophone of [ə].^[10][11]

Writing system

Lubuagan Kalinga

A hyphen is used for a glottal stop after a consonant, as in man-achug 'to guard'; an acute accent for a 'double' glottal stop between vowels, as in guàɏon 'to chew'; elsewhere it is not marked. An acute accent may be used on a stressed vowel to distinguish words, such as chílu 'honey' vs chilú 'dew', but otherwise stress is not usually marked. R occurs in foreign loans; it is usually replaced by L or Ɏ. Ɏ is evidently something like Y ([j]), but with the tongue further forward, and may be pronounced with the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth or lip.

References

1. ^ Himes, Ronald S. (1997). "Reconstructions in Kalinga-Itneg". Oceanic Linguistics. 36 (1): 102–134. doi:10.2307/3623072. JSTOR 3623072
2. ^ "Kalinga, Butbut". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29. (subscription required)
3. ^ "Ethnologue" (subscription required)
4. ^ "Kalinga, Lubuagan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29. (subscription required)
5. ^ "Kalinga, Majukayang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29. (subscription required)
6. ^ A Topical Vocabulary in English, Pilipino, Ilocano, and Southern Kalinga. Greenhills, Metro Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1980. pp. iv.
7. ^ "Ethnologue" (subscription required)
8. ^ "Kalinga, Tanudan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29. (subscription required)
9. ^ "Kalinga, Vanaw". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-04-29. (subscription required)
10. ^ Gieser, C. Richard (1972). Kalinga sequential discourse. Philippine Journal of Linguistics 3. pp. 15–33.
11. ^ Gieser, C. Richard (1958). The phonemes of Kalinga. In Studies in Philippine linguistics. pp. 10–23.
12. ^ Hohulin, E. Lou & Zamora, Neri (1995) A topical vocabulary: English, Filipino, Ilocano, and Lubuagan Kalinga., Summer Institute of Linguistics, Manila

Further reading

• Ferreirinho, Naomi (1993). Selected topics in the grammar of Limos Kalinga, the Philippines. Pacific Linguistics Series B-109. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-B109. hdl:1885/145804. ISBN 978-0-85883-419-4.
• Brainard, Sherri (1985). Upper Tanudan Kalinga texts. Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 1. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Gieser, C. Richard (1987). Guinaang Kalinga texts. Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 4. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Olson, Kenneth S.; Machlan, Glenn; Amangao, Nelson (2008). "Minangali (Kalinga) Digital Wordlist: Presentation Form". Language Documentation & Conservation. 2 (1). hdl:10125/1772