This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup B-M60.
B
Origin-date50,000 YBP
Origin-placeSoutheast Asia
AncestorR11'B B4'5'R11B6'R24
DescendantsB2,B4, B5, B6
Mutations8281-8289d[1]

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R.

The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.[2]

Distribution

Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man.[3]

Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia,[4] as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages and Austronesian languages.

A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.

Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia via Beringia, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian tribes of northeastern Siberia.[5] However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans, Altays, Shors, Khakassians, Yakuts, Buryats, Mongols, Negidals, and Evenks.[6] This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia, Iran,[6] Iraq,[7] Japan, Korea, Laos,[8] Madagascar, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.[9][10]

Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%).[11][12][13] However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar),[14] Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%),[15] South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%),[10] Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan),[14] and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).[16]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B

PopulationFrequencyCountSourceSubtypes
Carolinian (Saipan)1.00017[citation needed]B4a1a1a=15, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=2
Hawaiians0.994160[17]B4a1a1, B4a1a1a1, B4a1a1a3
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.60010[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=3, B4a=1, B4e=1, B4f=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.48127[citation needed]B4a=7, B4b1=5, B5a=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.42935[citation needed]B5a=7, B4e=3, B4b1=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=1, B(xB4, B5)=1
Filipino0.42264[11]B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=8, B5b=7, B4b1=6, B4c1b=4, B4a1a1=1, B5a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.39041[citation needed]B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=6, B4a=3
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.37524[citation needed]B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.369168[18]B5a=27, B4c2=18, B4c1b2=3, B4h=3, B4a1(xB4a1a)=2, B4g=2, B5b2a=2, B4a(xB4a1)=1, B4a1a=1, B4b1=1, B4c1b(xB4c1b2)=1, B5b1=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.36819[citation needed]B5a=3, B4a=2, B4b1=1, B4e=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.367177[11]B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=20, B5b=18, B4b1=13, B4c1b=10, B5a=2, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B7=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.33339[citation needed]B5a=8, B4a=5
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.32128[citation needed]B4a=6, B5a=2, B4c=1
Kinh (Vietnamese)0.317139[citation needed]B4=24, B5=19, B6=1
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.31332[citation needed]B4a=5, B5a=3, B4e=2
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.30040[citation needed]B5a=5, B4a=3, B4e=2, B4b1=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.29341[citation needed]B5a=4, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=4, B4a=3, B4(xB4a)=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.28025[citation needed]B4a=5, B5a=2
Filipino (Visayas)0.277112[11]B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=11, B4b1=8, B4c1b=7, B5b=5
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.26926[citation needed]B4a=3, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B4f=1
Laos0.262214[8]B5a=26, B4g=7, B4c2=6, B4a'g*=3, B4a1*=3, B4b1a2a=2, B4e=2, B4*=1, B4a1b=1, B4b1*=1, B4b1a1'2*=1, B4c1b=1, B5b=1, B6=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.25831[citation needed]B4a=4, B5a=3, B4b1=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.25032[citation needed]B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.25032[citation needed]B5a=4, B4a=2, B4f=1, B5b=1
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.25016[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1, B5a=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.24445[citation needed]B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3, B5a=3
Filipino (Mindanao)0.24370[11]B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=7, B4b1=5, B5b=3, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B4a1a1=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.23842[citation needed]B4a=3, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Han (Taiwan)0.234111[citation needed]B4+C16261T+G16129A!=6, B5a1=3, B4+C16261T=2, B4b1a2=2, B4b1b'c=2, B4c1b2a(xB4c1b2a2)=2, B4g=2, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=1, B4a4=1, B4b1a3=1, B4c1b+A16335G=1, B4c1c=1, B5b(xB5b2a)=1, B5b2a=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.22631[citation needed]B4a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4b=1, B5a=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.21119[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Taipei, Taiwan)0.20991[citation needed]B4(xB4f)=13, B5=6
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.206102[citation needed]B4a=5, B4b1=5, B5a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c, B4e, B4f, B4g)=3, B5b=2, B4c=1
Korean (South Korea)0.204103[6]B4=13, B5=8
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)0.20055[citation needed]B5=6, B4=5
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.20015[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Han (Southern California)0.192390[citation needed]B=75
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.19021[citation needed]B4a=2, B4(xB4a)=1, B5b=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.190137[citation needed]B4b'd=9, B4a=6, B5a=4, B4c=3, B(xB4a, B4b'd, B4c, B5a, B5b, B6)=2, B5b=1, B6=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.18864[citation needed]B4a=5, B5b=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.184103[citation needed]B5a=6, B4a=5, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B4e=1, B4f=1, B5b=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18233[citation needed]B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.18211[citation needed]B4a=1, B4b1=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)0.180261[citation needed]B(xB5)=32, B5=15
Han (Taiwan)0.1791117[citation needed]B=200
CHD (Han from Denver, Colorado)0.17873[citation needed]B4=12, B5=1
Hui (Xinjiang)0.17845[citation needed]B4a=4, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B6=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.17540[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1)=5, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.17229[citation needed]B4b=3, B5a=2
Thailand0.171105[citation needed]B(xB5a1)=13, B5a1=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.17135[citation needed]B5a=4, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.16050[citation needed]B4a=4, B(xB4, B5)=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5a=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.156160[citation needed]B4(xB4f)=15, B5=10
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.15645[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b)=4, B4a=3
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.155633[citation needed]B=98
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.15020[citation needed]B4b=1, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=1, B6=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.14947[6]B4=5, B5=2
Korean (South Korea)0.148203[citation needed]B4(xB4f)=24, B5=6
Korean (South Korea)0.146185[10]B4a=11, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=7, B4b1=4, B5a=2, B5b=2, B4c=1
Vietnamese0.14342[10]B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=3, B4a=1, B4b(xB4b1)=1, B5a=1
Okinawa0.141326[citation needed]B4(xB4f)=28, B4f=10, B5=8
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)0.140121[citation needed]B4=14, B5=3
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)0.136118[citation needed]B4=11, B5=5
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.13330[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.129217[citation needed]B4(xB4f)=18, B4f=5, B5=5
Japanese (Tōkai)0.124282[citation needed]B4(xB4f)=26, B5=9
Japanese (Gifu)0.1211617[citation needed]B=196
Negidal0.12133[14]B5b2=4
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.119336[citation needed]B4(xB4f)=24, B5=15, B4f=1
Korean (northern China)0.11851[10]B4a=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)0.11371[6]B4=8
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.11118[citation needed]B4a=1, B5a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.11154[citation needed]B4a=5, B5b=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.109256[citation needed]B4(xB4f)=19, B5=8, B4f=1
Japanese0.109211[citation needed]B4b1=14, B5b=4, B5a=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.10647[citation needed]B4b=4, B5b=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.10448[citation needed]B4b=2, B5b=2, B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.10448[citation needed]B4b=3, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Beijing)0.10040[10]B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.10030[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Thai0.10040[10]B5a=3, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.09731[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B(xB4, B5)=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.090100[15]B4b1a1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=2, B5b=2
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.08857[6]B4=5
Han (Xinjiang)0.08547[citation needed]B5a=2, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash, Kyrgyzstan)0.08547[citation needed]B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.08547[10]B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1, B5b=1
Tuvan0.08495[14]B4a1c2=4, B5=2, B4(xB4a1c2, B4b1a, B4d1a)=1, B4b1a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.08324[citation needed]B=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.081149[16]B4c1a2(xB4c1a2a)=4, B4f1=2, B5b(xB5b2)=2, B4c1a2a=1, B4b1a3a1a=1, B4d1=1, B5b2=1
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota)0.076105[citation needed]B4a1a1a=7, B4b1=1
Manchurian0.07540[10]B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.07540[citation needed]B=3
Uyghur (Penjim, Panfilov District, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.07355[citation needed]B5a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1
Buryat0.071126[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b)=5, B5b=2, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1, B4b=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.07199[6]B4=5, B5=2
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316[citation needed]B=1
Persian (eastern Iran)0.06182[6]B4=4, B5=1
Nogai (Dagestan)0.06133[citation needed]B=2
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.05735[citation needed]B=2
Kazakh (Kegen Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.05555[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1, B5b=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.05437[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.053133[citation needed]B5a=7
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.05258[citation needed]B4b1=2, B4c=1
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020[citation needed]B=1
Filipino (Palawan)0.05020[citation needed]B4a1a=1
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020[citation needed]B=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020[citation needed]B=1
Shor (Kemerovo Oblast)0.04982[6]B4=4
Va (Simao, Yunnan)0.04522[citation needed]B4(xB4a)=1
Altai Kizhi0.04490[6]B4=3, B5=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.04468[citation needed]B5a=2, B4b1=1
Tofalar0.04346[14]B4a1c2=2
Kyrgyz (Bakay-Ata, Kyrgyzstan)0.04248[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B5b=1
Tubalar0.04272[14]B4b1a=3
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai)0.04173[6]B4=3
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.04198[16]B5b2=3, B4c1b=1
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsky, Irkutsk Oblast)0.04025[14]B4d1a=1
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.03853[citation needed]B4a=2
Teleut (Kemerovo Oblast)0.03853[6]B4=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.036110[6]B4=3, B5=1
Jetisu Kazakhstan0.035200[19]B4=4, B5=3
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.03429[citation needed]B4a=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.034295[6]B4=9, B5=1
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.02935[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.02836[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan)0.02836[citation needed]B5a=1
Yakut (Yakutia)0.02836[6]B4=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.02540[citation needed]B5a=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.02540[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.02344[citation needed]B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.02147[citation needed]B(xB4, B5, B6)=1
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.02049[citation needed]B4b1=1
Ainu0.02051[citation needed]B4f1=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.019105[6]B4=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.01856[citation needed]B4a=1
Nogai (Nogaysky, Dagestan & Adyge-Khabalsky, Karachay-Cherkessia)0.015206[citation needed]B=3
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.01474[citation needed]B4a=1
Yakut0.012423[citation needed]B4(xB4b1)=3
B4b1=1
B5b2=1
Bashkir0.009221[citation needed]B=2
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.00015[6]–
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00016[citation needed]–
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020[citation needed]–
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020[citation needed]–
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020[citation needed]–
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020[citation needed]–
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020[citation needed]–
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024[citation needed]–
Nganasan0.00024[14]–
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.00024[citation needed]–
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025[6]–
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029[citation needed]–
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.00029[citation needed]–
Batak (Palawan)0.00031[citation needed]–
Ket0.00038[14]–
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.00044[6]–
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.00044[citation needed]–
Evenk (Buryatia)0.00045[6]–
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai)0.00046[14]–
Itelmen0.00047[14]–
Chuvash0.00055[citation needed]–
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056[14]–
Komi-Zyryans0.00062[citation needed]–
Mansi0.00063[citation needed]–
Chukchi0.00066[14]–
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tuguro-Chumikan)0.00071[14]–
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.00071[citation needed]–
Komi-Permyaks0.00074[citation needed]–
Siberian Eskimo0.00079[14]–
Ulchi0.00087[14]–
Mansi0.00098[14]–
Udmurt0.000101[citation needed]–
Mordvinian0.000102[citation needed]–
Khanty0.000106[citation needed]–
Yakut0.000117[citation needed]–
Tatar (Buinsk)0.000126[citation needed]–
Mari0.000136[citation needed]–
Koryak0.000155[14]–
Tatar0.000228[citation needed]–

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.

  • B'R11'R24
    • B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines (Ivatan)
      • B4
        • B4-T16217C* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan
        • B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T)
          • B4-C16261T* – Thailand (Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province[20]), Cambodia (Takeo), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han, Uyghur), Korea
          • B4a – Korea, Han Chinese (Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (Bidayuh[21])
            • B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400] ybp[22])
              • B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500] ybp[22])
                • B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
                • B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 6,600 <-> 7,500] ybp[22]) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville)[23] the Polynesian motif,[24][25][26][27] or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
                  • B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900] ybp[22]) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
                    • B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
                        • B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
                      • B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                      • B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
                      • B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
                    • B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                    • B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
                    • B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
                    • B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona)
                    • B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
                    • B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
                    • B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
                    • B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
                      • B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
                    • B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka)
                    • B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
                    • B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu
                    • B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
                  • B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people)
                  • B4a1a1c – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
                  • B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
                  • B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa
                  • B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela)
                  • B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
                  • B4a1a1r – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                  • B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
                  • B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
                  • B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, etc.)
                  • B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                • B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami)
                  • B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
                    • B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
                      • B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
                • B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
                  • B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
                • B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
                  • B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
                • B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis)
              • B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 [95% CI 15,300 <-> 25,700] ybp[22])
                • B4a1b'e* – China (Naxi, Nyingchi, etc.)
                • B4a1b – Korea, Japan
                  • B4a1b1 – Korea, Japan
                    • B4a1b1a – Korea, Japan
                • B4a1e – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Vietnam (Thái), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province,[20] Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand[28])
              • B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 [95% CI 15,600 <-> 25,700] ybp) – India, China (Uyghur), Vietnam (Tay), Korea, Japan
                • B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 [95% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600] ybp) – Japan
                  • B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
                    • B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea
                • B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 [95% CI 11,800 <-> 23,900] ybp) – Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
                  • B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar
                  • B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 [95% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300] ybp) – China (Mongol in Hulun Buir, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Hà Nhì, Si La, Kinh, Nùng), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province[20])
                  • B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
                • B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 [95% CI 10,100 <-> 24,500] ybp[22])
                  • B4a1c3a (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,650 <-> 6,800] ybp[22]) – Japan, Korea, Kazakh (Zhan Aul of Altai Republic[29]), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan[30])
                  • B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,500 [95% CI 5,600 <-> 21,200] ybp[22]) – Japan, Korea, China
              • B4a1d – Vietnam
            • B4a2 – Japan
              • B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
                • B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
                • B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
                • B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
              • B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
                • B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
                  • B4a2b1a – Japan
            • B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Tianjin, Japan (Aichi), Iran (Fars), Kuwait
            • B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Korea, Russia, Germany
              • B4a4a - Yakut, Yukaghir
              • B4a4b - China
              • B4a4c - Thailand
                • B4a4c1 - Naxi, Uyghur
              • B4a4d - China
              • B4a4e - China
                • B4a4e1 - China, Taiwan
              • B4a4f - Japan
                • B4a4f1 - China
            • B4a5 – China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (H'Mông, Dao, Cờ Lao)
          • B4g
            • B4g1 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son, Chiang Rai, and Lampang provinces,[20] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province[20])
              • B4g1b – Han Chinese (Beijing, Denver)
            • B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Dao, Si La), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province,[20] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province,[20] Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province,[20] Htin in Phayao Province[20])
          • B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand (Phuan in Sukhothai Province[20])
            • B4h1 – China (Fujian, etc.), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[20]), Japan
          • B4i – China
            • B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4k – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
        • B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
          • B4b – Canada
            • B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
              • B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
                • B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
                  • B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
                    • B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua)
                  • B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
                • B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
                • B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
                • B2a4
                  • B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
                    • B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
                • B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
              • B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
                • B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo)
                • B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
                  • B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
                • B2b3 – Yanomama
                  • B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
                • B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
              • B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada,[31] modern Canada[32]
                • B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
                • B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
                  • B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
              • B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
              • B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
              • B2f – USA (Mexican)
              • B2g
                • B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
                • B2g2
              • B2h – Ache
              • B2i
                • B2i1 – Kayapo
                • B2i2 – Chile
                  • B2i2a – Mapuche
                    • B2i2a1 – Chile
                      • B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
                      • B2i2a1b – Chile
                  • B2i2b – Chile
                    • B2i2b1 – Chile
              • B2j
              • B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
              • B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
              • B2m
              • B2n
              • B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
                • B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
                  • B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
              • B2p – USA (Mexican)
              • B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
              • B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
              • B2s – USA (Mexican)
              • B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
              • B2u
              • B2v
              • B2w
              • B2x
              • B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
                • B2y1 – USA
            • B4b1
              • B4b1* – Thailand (Phuan in Phrae Province),[20] Korea, Japan
              • B4b1a
                • B4b1a* – China, Tubalar,[14] Philippines, Indonesia
                • B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 11,200 <-> 19,400] ybp[22]) – Japan
                  • B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200] ybp[22]) – Japan
                    • B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
                    • B4b1a1b – Japan
                    • B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
                  • B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 [95% CI 10,300 <-> 13,600] ybp[22]) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Indonesia, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[20]), India
                    • B4b1a2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province[20]), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan
                    • B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami)
                      • B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
                      • B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
                    • B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa)
                    • B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon)
                    • B4b1a2e – China (She people, etc.)
                    • B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
                    • B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun)
                      • B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun)
                    • B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami)
                    • B4b1a2i
                      • B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (Banjarmasin)[citation needed]
                      • B4b1a2i1
                        • B4b1a2i1*
                        • B4b1a2i1a
                          • B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
                            • B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu
                      • B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 4,600 <-> 11,000] ybp[22]) – Han Chinese (Denver)
                    • B4b1a3* – Hazara (Pakistan)[33]
                    • B4b1a3a (TMRCA 3,300 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,900] ybp[22])
                    • B4b1a3b
                      • B4b1a3b* – Buryat[16]
                      • B4b1a3b1 – Uyghur
              • B4b1b'c
                • B4b1b – Japan, Korean, China (Lanzhou[35]), Vietnam
                • B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,800 <-> 21,700] ybp)
                  • B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 [95% CI 4,500 <-> 10.800] ybp)
                  • B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 20,100] ybp)
          • B4d
            • B4d1'2'3
              • B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat[14]), China (Oroqen,[33] Tibetan from Tingri, etc.), Korea
              • B4d1 – China (Miao, Daur from Qiqihar, Korean from Antu County, Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou,[35] Jiangsu, etc.), Taiwan, Japan (Chiba), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)[36]
                • B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)[16]
              • B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao)
              • B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
                • B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 [95% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500] ybp)
                  • B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, etc.), Korea[37]
            • B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, etc.)
          • B4e – Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces,[20] Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province[20]), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[20]), Vietnam (La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
          • B4j – Buryat, Khamnigan[16]
        • B4c – Thailand, Indonesia
        • B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early Kofun period) Yokohama[42])
          • B4f* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan (Aichi)
          • B4f1 - Barghut,[16] Korea[37]
            • B4f1* – Japan (Tokyo)
            • B4f1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
      • B5
        • B5* – China
        • B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province[20]), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
          • B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province[20]), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
            • B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos,[20] Thailand,[20] Indonesia, Philippines(Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
              • B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
            • B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines,Vietnam Malaysia Iran[43]
              • B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province[20]), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane[20]), China, Korea
            • B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province[20]), Guyana Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia cabodian, Thailand vietnam
              • B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang[20])
                • B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
                  • B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, etc.)
              • B5a1c2 – China (Han)
            • B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
          • B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan)
            • B5a2a
              • B5a2a1
                • B5a2a1a – China
                • B5a2a1b – Korea, Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
              • B5a2a2
                • B5a2a2* – China
                • B5a2a2a
                  • B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
                  • B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
                • B5a2a2b
                  • B5a2a2b1 �� Philippines (Ivatan)
                    • B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun)
                  • B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao)
        • B5b – Korea,[37] China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
          • B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand (Suay from Surin Province[20]), Cambodia (Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
            • B5b1a – China, Thailand

(Shan from Mae Hong Son Province[20]),Japan cabodian, Thailand Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, vietnam

              • B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
              • B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo)
                • B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
              • B5b1b - Cabodian, South chinese,Thailand ,Vietnam,Malaysia Indonesia, Philippines,
            • B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen ,Indonesia, Cambodian, Thailand, Vietnam
              • B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
                • B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
          • B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic, Ulchi,[44] Altaian Kazakh[16]), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut[16]), Japan, Philippines
            • B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan,Philippines, Malaysia Indonesia south chinese ,cabodian, Thailand ,Vietnam
              • B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, etc.), China (Han from Wuhan)
              • B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea,[37] China (Tianjin[22]), Buryat, Hezhen
                • B5b2a2a
                  • B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
                  • B5b2a2a2 – Malaysia (Bidayuh of Sarawak),[21] Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
            • B5b2b – Yakut,Philippines, Malaysia,Indonesia,sigapore,cabodian,Thailand, Vietnam
            • B5b2-C204T! - China (Han), Korea, Vietnam (Kinh)
              • B5b2c – Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao)Philippines Malaysia Cambodian south chinese thailand ,vietnam,Indonesia
                • B5b2c1 – China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
          • B5b3
            • B5b3a – Japan (Aichi, early 11th century AD (Heian period) Yokohama,[42] etc.), Korea, China
            • B5b3b – Japan Philippines
          • B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi Philippines
          • B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han (Denver) Philippines Malaysia Indonesia
    • R11'B6
    • R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa)
      • R24a – Philippines

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.

See also

References

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