The following events occurred in December 1937:

December 1, 1937 (Wednesday)

December 2, 1937 (Thursday)

[16]

December 3, 1937 (Friday)

[21][22]

December 4, 1937 (Saturday)

December 5, 1937 (Sunday)

December 6, 1937 (Monday)

  • Italy inaugurated the first train service to exceed 200 kilometers per hour, with its FS Class ETR 200, setting a world record by averaging 201 kilometres per hour (125 mph) from Campoleone to Nettunia on its Bologna-Rome-Naples express route.[44]
  • The U.S. Supreme Court decided Breedlove v. Suttles, unanimously upholding the constitutionality of the poll tax, used to discourage voter registration as not being a violation of the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The suit had been brought by Nolan Breedlove, a white resident of the U.S. state of Georgia.[45] The state would abolish its poll tax in 1945, and poll taxes in all other states would be barred with the ratification in 1966 of the 24th Amendment.[46]
  • The Court also decided, by a 5 to 4 decision, James v. Dravo Contracting Co., determining that in some instances, an individual American state could tax the U.S. government, marking the first departure from previous decisions that held taxation by the states on the federal government to be a violation of the "Supremacy Clause" in Article Six of the Constitution, and introducing the "legal incidence test" for tax cases.[47]
  • Ford C. Frick was re-elected president of baseball's National League for another three-year term.[48]
  • Born:
  • Died: Francis Cadell, 54, Scottish painter. died from cancer.Lindsay McIntosh, "Colourful life of Scottish national treasure", The Times (London) October 20, 2011[52]

December 7, 1937 (Tuesday)

December 8, 1937 (Wednesday)

December 9, 1937 (Thursday)

December 10, 1937 (Friday)

December 11, 1937 (Saturday)

December 12, 1937 (Sunday)

December 13, 1937 (Monday)

  • The Battle of Nanjing ended 32 days after it began as the city's last defenders, the 67th Division of the Chinese Army, abandoned their positions at 2:00 in the morning and retreated to Xiaguan.[124][125] Two hours later, the 38th Regiment of the Imperial Japanese Army scaled the Zhonghua Gate and found the city deserted. By late morning, all major gates of the walled city had been captured and Japanese troops from the 6th and 114th Divisions of the Army became the first to enter the city of the former Chinese capital.[126] Chinese estimates were 47,382 soldiers killed in the battle, while Japanese estimates were almost 2,000 killed.[127]
  • As Japanese troops came in, the Nanjing Massacre of more than 100,000 civilians and prisoners of war began, with troops raping and killing women and children over the next six weeks inside the city and the surrounding countryside.[128] Notably, two officers from the Japanese 16th Division, Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda, had a contest to become the first person to kill 100 people with a sword, with the competition being profiled in the Tokyo newspaper Nichi Shimbun and other papers covering the contest as it was a sporting event.[129] The civilian population of Nanjing, counted at 1,019,667 in March, had fallen to 150,000 by the end of the year.[130]
  • The patent application for the first electric toothbrush, invented by Tomlinson Moseley, and sold as the "Motodent", was filed with the U.S. Patent Office. Patent 2,196,667 would be granted on April 9, 1940.
  • The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NABLA) was signed in Havana in Cuba by the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Haiti, allocating the radio broadcasting frequencies to be used by each nation, and adding the 10 AM radio frequencies in the range of 1510 to 1600 kilohertz.[131]
  • U.S. President Roosevelt demanded that Japan apologize for the Panay attack, render compensation and provide a guarantee that no such thing would happen again.[132]
  • In Rome, Pope Pius XI created five new cardinals, in his last appointments before his death, elevating the number of cardinals from 55 to 60, of whom more than half (39) were Italian.[133]
  • Former world heavyweight champion Max Schmeling of Germany defeated challenger Harry Thomas of the U.S. in the 8th round of a 15-round bout at Madison Square Garden in New York. Thomas would admit 13 months later that he had been paid $8,500 by gamblers to lose the fight.[134]
  • Born:

December 14, 1937 (Tuesday)

December 15, 1937 (Wednesday)

  • The Greek Operation, a mass persecution of the Soviet Greek minority, was started by Directive No. 50215 of the NKVD, signed by the secret police agency's director, Nikolai Yezhov. On December 11, Yezhov declared that "on December 15 of this year, simultaneously in all republics, territories and regions, arrests are to be made of all Greeks suspected of espionage, sabotage, rebel and nationalist anti-Soviet work," based on an NKVD investigation that concluded that Greek operatives were "actively conducting espionage, sabotage, and rebellious work in the USSR, carrying out assignments from British, German, and Japanese intelligence."[141] Over the next 13 years, Greek-language institutions were closed, mass arrests took place, and at least 15,000 were executed, with 20,000 deported to the Gulag prisons.,[142] while another author would estimate the number of deaths at more than 50,000.[143]
  • The Battle of Teruel, a turning point in the Spanish Civil War and one of its bloodiest clashes, began in Spain's Province of Teruel during one of the coldest winters in Spain's history.[144] Although Francisco Franco's Nationalists would defeat the Spanish Republican Army by February 22, each side sustained nearly 60,000 casualties.[145]
  • An avalanche in Tirol, Austria killed 9 people.[146]
  • John Hanna Robb became the leader of the Northern Ireland Senate.[147]
  • Born: John Sladek, American science fiction author known for Roderick (1980) and its sequel, and for Tik-Tok (1983); in Waverly, Iowa (d. 2000)[148]

December 16, 1937 (Thursday)

December 17, 1937 (Friday)

December 18, 1937 (Saturday)

December 19, 1937 (Sunday)

December 20, 1937 (Monday)

December 21, 1937 (Tuesday)

December 22, 1937 (Wednesday)

  • Germany's Ambassador to Japan, Herbert von Dirksen, came to China and presented Japan's terms for a Chinese surrender to the Chinese-Japanese War, with a two-week deadline of January 5 for a reply by China's leader Chiang Kai-shek. The conditions were that China would pay war reparations to Japan, to acknowledge the loss of China's Manchurian territory that had become the puppet state of Manchukuo, to acknowledge Inner Mongolia's autonomy, and the withdrawal of troops from designated demilitarized zones in North China and inner Mongolia. Chiang let the January 5 deadline with no reply.[195]
  • The prototype of the first "pendulum car" for railroad travel was unveiled by the Pacific Railway Equipment Company (PERC) at its factory in Los Angeles. Testing scheduled of the car, designed to tilt while traveling on curves to begin on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.[196]
  • The French Social Party was banned in France. François de La Rocque and other leaders of the party were ordered by court to pay fines for reconstituting a political league that was supposed to have been dissolved.[197]

December 23, 1937 (Thursday)

December 24, 1937 (Friday)

  • The Japanese Army captured and occupied Hangzhou, capital of the Zhejiang province.[204]
  • The government of Japan acknowledged its responsibility for the December 12 sinking of the gunboat USS Panay and three American freighters and the Emperor Hirohito pledged that aggression by Japan against U.S. vessels would not happen again. In Tokyo, Foreign Minister Koki Hirota personally handed a diplomatic note to U.S. Ambassador Joseph C. Grew. [205]

December 25, 1937 (Saturday)

December 26, 1937 (Sunday)

December 27, 1937 (Monday)

  • After crossing the Yellow River on December 23, the 10th Division of the Japan's Manchurian Area Army captured Jinan, capital of China's Shandong province.[217] Despite being ordered by his superiors to defend Jinan to the last man, General Han Fuju and his Chinese Nationalist Army troops abandoned the city, after burning the provincial government offices and the Japanese consulate.[218][219] General Han was subsequently arrested by the Nationalist Army Chief of Staff, General Hu Zongnan, and executed for disobeying orders.[220]
  • Yangmingshan, the first national park on the Japanese island of Formosa (now Taiwan island, the Republic of China) was created by the Japanese Governor-General, Seizō Kobayashi with the name "Daiton National Park", in an area around Datun Mountain.[221]
  • The Japanese Mongolia Garrison Army was raised, under the command of General Shigeru Hasunuma, and charged with the task of defending China's Inner Mongolia region from a possible attack from the neighboring Soviet Union, which was, at the time, not an enemy of Japan.[222]
  • African-American schoolteacher Harriet Brown achieved a major victory after her employer, the Calvert County Board of Education in the U.S. state of Maryland for racial discrimination, settled the case and agreed to equal pay for its employees, regardless of race.[223] Before the suit, brought by future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, led to a similar settlement by the Montgomery County Public Schools and, in 1939, the passage by the state legislature of the Maryland Teachers Pay Equalization Law.

December 28, 1937 (Tuesday)

December 29, 1937 (Wednesday)

December 30, 1937 (Thursday)

December 31, 1937 (Friday)

  • Octavian Goga addressed the Romanian people in a radio broadcast in which he outlined a series of antisemitic measures he intended to introduce against the country's Jews, whom he accused of having "exploited" Romania after entering "illegally" after the war.[253]
  • Born:

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