| Years | 1973 to present |
|---|---|
| Genre | Electro-mechanical, arcade, table sport, bar sport |
| Players | 2 |
| Skills | Dexterity, agility, hand-eye coordination, reaction time |
Air hockey is a tabletop sport where two opposing players try to score goals against each other on a low-friction table[1] using two hand-held discs (mallets/pushers) and a lightweight plastic puck.
The air hockey table has raised edges that allow the puck to reflect off horizontally, and a very smooth, slippery surface that further reduces friction by suspending the puck on a thin cushion of air ejected from tiny vent holes built inside the surface. This causes the puck to hover and move easily across the table with little loss of velocity, which simulates the lubricated sliding of an ice hockey puck across a well polished rink, hence the name of the game.
Federations
- United States Air Hockey Association (USAA) – 1978
- Air Hockey Players Association (AHPA) – 2015
- North Carolina Air Hockey Player Association (NCAHP) – 2016
- American Air Hockey League (AAHL) — 2024
- European Air Hockey Association (EAHA) 2006—2007
- World Table Hockey Association (WTHA) — multitable table sports organisation based in Czech Republic. Since 2008 it organises air hockey competitions in Europe.
History
Origins
Air hockey is a game resting on an older technology, the air table. Air tables began as a conveyor technology allowing heavy objects like cardboard boxes to easily slide over a table surface. The original air tables of the 1940s had rather large holes that were plugged by ball bearings. An object sitting on the table would depress the balls, allowing air to escape and lift the object slightly off the table.[2]
In the early 1960s, physicists began designing and building crude air tracks for educational purposes. John Stull, a professor at Alfred University, created a simple low-friction air track using a vacuum cleaner under a flat surface perforated by small holes. Stull partnered with the Ealing Corporation, which further developed the idea.[3]
In 1968, Sega released an arcade electro-mechanical game similar to air hockey, MotoPolo. Based on polo, two players moved miniature motorbikes around inside a cabinet, with each player attempting to knock the balls into the opponent's goal.[4][5]
By the late 1960s, Ealing developed a tabletop with a sandwich of fiberboard or plexiglass sheets separated by a honeycomb structure. The top surface was drilled with a grid of small holes, and the space between the boards was supplied with low-pressure compressed air, just enough to allow "air pucks" to float over the surface.[6][7]
Creation
Air hockey was created by a group of Brunswick Billiards employees between 1969 and 1972.[8] In 1969, a trio of Brunswick engineers – Phil Crossman, Bob Kenrick and Brad Baldwin – began work on creating a game using a low-friction surface. The project stagnated for several years until it was revived by Bob Lemieux, who then focused on implementing an abstracted version of ice hockey, with a thin disc, two strikers and slit-like goals equipped with photodetectors. It was then decided that the game might appeal to a larger market and air hockey was marketed and sold to the general public. The original patents reference Crossman, Kendrick and Lemieux,[9][10] as well as Ealing's earlier work on air tables.
The game was an immediate financial success and by the mid-1970s there was interest in tournament play. As early as 1973, players in Houston had formed the Houston Air Hockey Association, and soon thereafter, the Texas Air-Hockey Players Association, codifying rules and promoting the sport through local tournaments at Houston pubs Carnabys and Damians, and the University of Houston.[citation needed]
Competitions
The United States Air-Table Hockey Association (USAA) was formed in 1975 by J. Phillip "Phil" Arnold, largely as an official sanctioning body.[11] Since its inception, the USAA has sanctioned at least one national-level or World championship each year, crowning 12 different champions over 30 years. In March 2015, the Air Hockey Players Association (AHPA) was announced and is providing air hockey players with an additional organization also overseeing the sport of air hockey.[12] The two organizations run independently but abide by a similar set of rules and share many of the same players. In July 2015, the AHPA crowned its first world champion and also the youngest in the history of the sport in Colin Cummings of Beaumont, Texas.[citation needed]
Today, professional air hockey is played by a close-knit community of serious players around the world, Having 4 main scenes in the US: Houston, North Carolina, Chicago and Boise; Barcelona in Spain; Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Novgorod in Russia; and Most and Brno in the Czech Republic. In the late 1980s, Caracas, Venezuela served as a hotbed of activity; three-time World Champion Jose Mora and other finalists originated from there. By 1999 most of the Venezuelan activity had disappeared.[citation needed]
Air hockey tables
A typical air hockey table consists of a large smooth playing surface designed to minimize friction, a surrounding rail to prevent the puck and mallets from leaving the table, and slots in the rail at either end of the table that serve as goals. On the ends of the table behind and below the goals, there is usually a puck return. Additionally, tables will typically have some sort of machinery that produces a cushion of air on the playing surface through tiny holes, with the purpose of reducing friction and increasing play speed.
The only tables that are approved for play and sanctioned by the USAA (United States Air Hockey Association) and the AHPA (Air Hockey Players Association) for tournament play are 8-foot tables. Approved tables include all Gold Standard Games 8-foot tables; some 8-foot tables from Dynamo; and the original 8-foot commercial Brunswick tables. Other full-size novelty-type tables with flashing lights on the field of play, painted rails, and/or smaller pucks are not approved for tournament play. There are also smaller air hockey tables having a size of 1.5, 2, or 2.5 feet, called mini air hockey tables.
A mallet (sometimes called a goalie, striker or paddle) consists of a simple handle attached to a flat surface that will usually lie flush with the surface of the table. The most common mallets, called "high-tops", resemble small plastic sombreros, but other mallets, "flat-tops", are used with a shorter nub.
Air hockey pucks are discs made of Lexan polycarbonate resin. Standard USAA and AHPA-approved pucks are yellow, red, and green. In competitive play, a layer of thin white tape is placed on the face-up side. Air hockey pucks come in circles and other shapes (triangle, hexagon, octagon, or square).
Four-player tables also exist, but they are not sanctioned for competitive play.[citation needed]
Rules
The basic rules of play are listed as follows:
- The first player to reach 7 points wins the match
- First possession of the puck is determined by a face off
- Players may strike the puck with any part of the mallet, and each player can only use one mallet
- Players have seven seconds to complete a shot towards the opposing goal
- Once scored on, the player has ten seconds to return the puck back into play
- When the puck is in contact with any part of the centerline, either player may strike the puck
- Players can position themselves anywhere around the table as long as they stay on their side of the centerline
- Each player is permitted a ten-second time out each match, and must be called by the player when they are in possession of the puck, or the puck is out of play
- "Palming" or any use of the hand in contact with the puck is not permitted
- Contact with the puck by any part of the player is prohibited
- “Goal tending” or using the hands to prevent a goal is prohibited
- Players cannot hit the puck off the table[13][14]
Fouls are issued to players who violate any of the rules. The player who receives the foul must turn possession of the puck over to the opponent. Technical fouls are issued for more severe violations, such as goal tending. When a technical foul is called, the opposing player is given a free shot on the offender's goal. The offender is not allowed to defend the shot, but can resume play if the shot misses and bounces off their end of the table.[13][14]
Gameplay
Competitive (tournament) play is usually distinguished by the following:
- The mallet is gripped behind the knob using one's fingertips, not on top of it. This allows more wrist action and helps the player to move the mallet around the table faster.
- For basic defense, the mallet is kept centered at least 8 inches out from the goal. In this position, very slight movements to the left and right will block virtually all straight shots. To block bank shots, one pulls back quickly to the corners of the goal. This is known as the "triangle defense".
- Shots are often hit out of "drifts", where the puck travels in set patterns designed to throw off the opponent's expectations and timing. The most popular drifts are the "center", "diamond", "diagonal", and "L".
- Shots are often organized into groups of shots which are hit with the same apparent delivery but opposite directions, caused by hitting the puck at slightly different locations on the mallet. For example, a transverse motion of the right arm can lead to a "cut shot" to the left corner of the opponent's goal or a "right wall under" (bank off the right wall, into the right corner of the opponent's goal).
Competitive air hockey
Tournament history
USAA World Championships
Source: 1978-2009[15]
USAA Air Hockey World Championships by Houston-based United States Air Hockey Association (USAA):
- World Singles Championship Since 1978
- World Doubles Championship Since 1995
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third Place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | Jesse Douty | Phil Arnold | Rolf Moore |
| 1979 | Jesse Douty | Phil Arnold | Joe Campbell |
| 1980 | Jesse Douty | Phil Arnold | Joe Campbell |
| 1980 | Jesse Douty | Robert Hernandez | Mark Robbins |
| 1981 | Bob Dubuisson | Paul Burger | Jesse Douty |
| 1981 | Jesse Douty | Bob Dubuisson | Paul Marshall |
| 1982 | Jesse Douty | Mark Robbins | Bob Dubuisson |
| 1983 | Bob Dubuisson | Jesse Douty | Phil Arnold |
| 1984 | Mark Robbins | Robert Hernandez | Bob Dubuisson |
| 1985 | Bob Dubuisson | Robert Hernandez | Vince Schappell |
| 1985 | Bob Dubuisson | Robert Hernandez | Mark Robbins |
| 1986 | Robert Hernandez | Bob Dubuisson | Mark Robbins |
| 1986 | Mark Robbins | Bob Dubuisson | Robert Hernandez |
| 1987 | Robert Hernandez | Jesse Douty | Phil Arnold |
| 1987 | Jesse Douty | Mark Robbins | Robert Hernandez |
| 1988 | Jesse Douty | Bob Dubuisson | Robert Hernandez |
| 1988 | Jesse Douty | Bob Dubuisson | Joe Campbell |
| 1989 | Tim Weissman | Bob Dubuisson | Jesse Douty |
| 1989 | Tim Weissman | Jesse Douty | Robert Hernandez |
| 1990 | Tim Weissman | Jesse Douty | Robert Hernandez |
| 1990 | Tim Weissman | Phil Arnold | Mark Robbins |
| 1991 | Tim Weissman | Mark Robbins | Robert Hernandez |
| 1991 | Tim Weissman | Jesse Douty | Albert Ortiz |
| 1992 | Tim Weissman | Robert Hernandez | Mark Robbins |
| 1992 | Tim Weissman | Keith Fletcher | Vince Schappell |
| 1993 | Tim Weissman | Brian Brodsky | Keith Fletcher |
| 1994 | Brian Brodsky | Mark Robbins | Tim Weissman |
| 1995 | Billy Stubbs | Wil Upchurch | Don James |
| 1996 | Tim Weissman | Wil Upchurch | Andy Yevish |
| 1997 | Wil Upchurch | Tim Weissman | Jesse Douty |
| 1999 | José Mora | Pedro Otero | Jimmy Heilander |
| 2000 | José Mora | Pedro Otero | Tim Weissman |
| 2001 | Danny Hynes | Tim Weissman | José Mora |
| 2002 | Danny Hynes | Ehab Shoukry | Billy Stubbs |
| 2003 | Ehab Shoukry | José Mora | Andy Yevish |
| 2004 | Danny Hynes | Andy Yevish | Anthony Marino |
| 2005 | Danny Hynes | Billy Stubbs | Anthony Marino |
| 2006 | Danny Hynes | Wil Upchurch | Davis Lee |
| 2007 | Davis Lee | Keith Fletcher | Ehab Shoukry |
| 2008 | Danny Hynes | Ehab Shoukry | José Mora |
| 2009 | Ehab Shoukry | Davis Lee | Keith Fletcher |
| 2010 | Davis Lee | Billy Stubbs | Anthony Marino |
| 2011 | Danny Hynes | Ehab Shoukry | Billy Stubbs |
| 2011 | Danny Hynes | Ehab Shoukry | Billy Stubbs |
| 2012 | Billy Stubbs | Danny Hynes | Ehab Shoukry |
| 2012 | Billy Stubbs | Ehab Shoukry | Tim Weissman |
| 2013 | Danny Hynes | Davis Lee | Pedro Otero |
| 2014 | Billy Stubbs | Davis Lee | Danny Hynes |
| 2015 | Colin Cummings | Pedro Otero | Danny Hynes |
| 2016 | Colin Cummings | Danny Hynes | Brian Accrocco |
| 2017 | Jacob Weissman | Vadim Chizhevskiy | Colin Cummings |
| 2019 | Colin Cummings | Vincent Sauceda | Jacob Weissman |
| 2021 | Colin Cummings | Jacob Weissman | Jacob Muñoz |
| 2022 | Colin Cummings | Jacob Weissman | Marcelo García |
| 2023 | Colin Cummings | Jacob Weissman | Pete Lippincott |
| 2024 | Colin Cummings | Jacob Muñoz | Jacob Weissman |
| 2025 | Jacob Muñoz | Colin Cummings | Connor Cummings |
Doubles World Championship
| Year | Champions | Runners-Up |
|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Tim Weissman/Don James | Wil Upchurch/John Rufener |
| 1996 | Tim Weissman/Don James | Wil Upchurch/Jesse Douty |
| 1997 | Tim Weissman/Don James | Wil Upchurch/Scot Morgan |
AHPA World Championship
Source:[15]
Air Hockey Players Association (AHPA) - Air Hockey World Championship
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | Colin Cummings | Billy Stubbs | Brian Accrocco |
| 2016 | Colin Cummings | Brian Accrocco | Doug Howard |
| 2017 | Colin Cummings | Vincent Sauceda | Brian Accrocco |
| 2018 | Colin Cummings | Vincent Sauceda | Danny Hynes |
| 2019 | Colin Cummings | Vincent Sauceda | Keith Fletcher |
US Championship
Source:[15]
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 | Jesse Douty | Mark Robbins | Bob Dubuisson |
| 1984 | Jesse Douty | Phil Arnold | Mark Robbins |
| 1998 | José Mora | Pedro Otero | Tim Weissman |
| 2004 | Danny Hynes | Ehab Shoukry | Don James |
| 2007 | Wil Upchurch | Davis Lee | Keith Fletcher |
| 2009 | Danny Hynes | Ehab Shoukry | José Mora |
Texas State Open
Source:[15]
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | Tim Weissman | José Mora | Wil Upchurch |
| 2000 | José Mora | Danny Hynes | Jimmy Heilander |
| 2002 | José Mora | Danny Hynes | Anthony Marino |
| 2003 | Anthony Marino | José Mora | Danny Hynes |
| 2004 | Danny Hynes | Ehab Shoukry | Anthony Marino |
| 2005 | Danny Hynes | Ehab Shoukry | Anthony Marino |
| 2007 | Tim Weissman | Vince Schappell | Joe Cain |
| 2008 | Danny Hynes | Jimmy Heilander | Syed Rahman |
North Carolina State
Source: 2023,[16] 2024,[17] 2025[18]
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | Vince Sauceda | Jacob Muñoz | Justin Flores |
| 2024 | Jacob Weissman | Austin Fernandes | Vince Sauceda |
| 2025 | Connor Cummings | Joey Liss | Brian Accrocco |
Chicago Open
Source: 2025[19]
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Joey Liss | Connor Cummings | Brian "Q" Quezada |
EAHA European Championship
Source:[15]
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 (Singles) | Goran Mitic | Michael L. Rosen | José Luis Camacho[NB 1] |
| 2007 (Singles) | José Luis Camacho | Sergey Antonov | Sergio López |
| 2006 (Teams) | Spain | Czech Republic | |
| 2007 (Teams) | Russia | Spain |
WTHA European Championship
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Martin Kučera | Petr Honsa | Dalibor Kyzlink |
| 2009 | German Vargin | Aleš Tichavský | Tomáš Vítámvás |
| 2010 | German Vargin | Jiří Kubesa | Jan Kubečka |
| 2011 | Aleš Mařa | Jaroslav Jun. Frankl | Martin Kučera |
| 2012 | German Vargin | Martin Kučera | Jakub Gabco |
| 2014 | Patrik Juchelka | Pavel Koloděj | Jakub David |
| 2018 | Ladislav Šustáček | Jaromír Procházka | Pavel Koloděj |
| 2022 | Lukáš Doležal | Patrik Juchelka | Ladislav Šustáček |
WTHA World Championship
Source:[22]
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Dmitriy Pavlov | Martin Kučera | Matěj Šanoba |
| 2024 | Karel Lang | Lukáš Doležal | Jan Doležal |
Catalan Championship
Source:[15]
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Pedro Otero | Emilio Araujo | Marc García[NB 2] |
| 2004 | Marc García | Sergio López | José Luis Camacho |
| 2005 | José Luis Camacho | Sergio López | Marc García |
| 2006 | José Luis Camacho | Marc García | Javi Navarro |
| 2007 | Marc García | Mauro Sturlese | Javi Navarro |
| 2008 | Sergio López | José Luis Camacho | Mauro Sturlese |
| 2009 | Arnau Martín | Sergio López | Marc García |
| 2012 | Jairo Correa | Jorge Tomas | Sergio Lópe |
WTHA Russia Open
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Mauro Sturlese | Igor Masloboev[NB 3] | Sergey Grishin |
| 2007 | Dmitriy Butyrev | Sergey Grishin | Nikita Vaganov |
| 2008 | Anton Kozykhodzhaev | ||
| 2009 | Dmitriy Butyrev | ||
| 2010 | Sergey Khomchenkov | ||
| 2012 | German Vargin | ||
| 2013 | German Vargin | ||
| 2014 | Denis Miniyarov | Jakub Hasil | Petr Vyoral[24] |
| 2015 | Maxim Suprunenko | Jakub Hasil[25] | |
| 2016 | Dmitriy Pavlov | ||
| 2017 | Jakub Hasil | Ruslan Pasechnik | Evgeniy Volkov |
| 2018 | Maxim Suprunenko | Ruslan Pasechnik | Petr Honsa |
| 2019 | Evgeniy Volkov | Ruslan Pasechnik | Nadezhda Pasechnik |
| 2021 | Ruslan Pasechnik | Artem Yumashev | Roman Tomashpol |
| 2022 | Ruslan Pasechnik | Nadezhda Pasechnik | Nikolai Ivanov |
| 2023 | Ruslan Pasechnik | Roman Tomashpol | Nadezhda Pasechnik |
| 2024 | Dmitriy Butyrev | Andrey Eskin | Ruslan Pasechnik |
| 2025 | Andrey Eskin | Roman Tomashpol | Ruslan Pasechnik |
Russian National Championship
Source:[15]
| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Third place |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Dmitriy Butyrev | Vadim Chizhevskiy | German Vargin |
| 2009 | German Vargin | Sergey Antonov | Vadim Chizhevskiy |
| 2010 | Vadim Chizhevskiy | German Vargin | Sergey Rebrakov |
| 2011 | Yuri Moiseev | Anton Polskiy | Vadim Chizhevskiy |
| 2012 | Vadim Chizhevskiy | Dmitriy Pavlov | Anton Polskiy |
| 2013 | Dmitriy Pavlov | Anton Polskiy | Vadim Chizhevskiy |
| 2014 | Dmitriy Pavlov | Vadim Chizhevskiy | Anton Polskiy |
| 2015 | Dmitriy Pavlov | Vadim Chizhevskiy | Anton Polskiy |
| 2016 | Vadim Chizhevskiy | Dmitriy Pavlov | Yuri Moiseev |
| 2017 | Vadim Chizhevskiy | Dmitriy Pavlov | Roman Gorokhov |
| 2018 | Vadim Chizhevskiy | Dmitriy Pavlov | Anton Polskiy |
| 2019 | Dmitriy Pavlov | Roman Gorokhov | Anton Polskiy |
| 2020 | Dmitriy Pavlov | Anton Polskiy | Vadim Chizhevskiy |
| 2021 | Dmitriy Pavlov | Anton Polskiy | Roman Gorokhov |
| 2025 | Vadim Chizhevskiy | Roman Gorokhov | Yuri Moiseev |
Czech Championship
Source:[26]
| Year | Winner |
|---|---|
| 2007 | Martin Kučera |
| 2008 | Martin Kučera |
| 2009 | Dalibor Kyzlink |
| 2010 | Aleš Mařa |
| 2011 | Martin Kučera |
| 2012 | Martin Kučera |
| 2013 | Aleš Mařa |
| 2014 | Ladislav Šustáček |
| 2015 | Jaromír Procházka |
| 2016 | Jaromír Procházka |
| 2017 | Jaromír Procházka |
| 2018 | Simon Kaňa |
| 2019 | Jaromír Procházka |
| 2020 | Jakub Schlosser |
| 2021 | Lukáš Doležal |
| 2022 | Petr Jun. Kusý |
| 2023 | Lukáš Doležal |
| 2024 | Ladislav Šustáček |
| 2025 | Ladislav Šustáček |
Cup of Czechia
Source:[27]
| Year | Winner |
|---|---|
| 2007 | Martin Kučera |
| 2008 | Martin Kučera |
| 2009 | Aleš Tichavský |
| 2010 | Martin Kučera |
| 2011 | Aleš Mařa |
| 2012 | Martin Kučera |
| 2013 | Jaromír Procházka |
| 2014 | Ladislav Šustáček |
| 2015 | Jaromír Procházka |
| 2016 | Ladislav Šustáček |
| 2017 | Jaromír Procházka |
| 2018 | Ladislav Šustáček |
| 2019 | Ladislav Šustáček |
| 2020 | Jakub Schlosser |
| 2021 | Lukáš Doležal |
| 2022 | Ladislav Šustáček |
| 2023 | Ladislav Šustáček |
| 2024 | Ladislav Šustáček |
| 2025 | Eryk Pawlica |
Notes
See also
- Table football
- International Table Hockey Federation
- Pong
- Table hockey
- ITHF table hockey
- Novuss
- Park golf
- Carrom
- Crokinole
- Pichenotte
- Pitchnut
- Chapayev (game)
- Golf Billiards
References
- ^ "Everything You Need To Know About Air Hockey". AirHockeyPlace.com. 2017-03-03. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
- ^ George E. Lamb, Conveyor, , granted Apr. 6, 1943
- ^ Zupan, Mark (July 14, 2025). "Fiat Astronomy and Astrophysics at Alfred University". Wellsville Regional News
- ^ "セガ60周年スペシャルインタビュー。伝説の筐体R360や『バーチャファイター』などアーケード開発者が開発秘話をたっぷり語る！" [Sega 60th Anniversary Special Interview: Arcade developers of the legendary chassis R360 and "Virtua Fighter" tell a lot of development secrets!] (in Japanese). Famitsu. 2020-06-28. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ "Arcade Developers Talk Sega's History of Taking On Challenges". OneMillionPower. 28 December 2020.
- ^ Thomas W. Williams III, Air Table, , granted Dec. 10, 1968.
- ^ Thomas W. Williams III, Air Table, , granted Feb. 25, 1969.
- ^ "History of Brunswick Billiards". Brunswick Billiards. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- ^ "Air cushion table game". No. 3773325.
- ^ "Puck and bat for an air cushion table game". No. 3927885.
- ^ "The History of Air Hockey". airhockeytablereviews.com. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- ^ "AirHockeyWorld.com tournament results". Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
- ^ "Let's Play AIR HOCKEY". olhausenbilliards
- ^ "OFFICIAL AIR HOCKEY RULES". Bubble&AirHockey
- ^ "Tournament History 1978-2009". airhockeyworld.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2010.
- ^ "2023 North Carolina State Tournament Results". www.ncairhockeyplayers.com
- ^ "2024 North Carolina State Tournament Results". www.ncairhockeyplayers.com
- ^ "2025 North Carolina State Tournament Results". www.ncairhockeyplayers.com
- ^ "2025 Chicago Open Results". www.airhockeyrank.com
- ^ "WTHA - OTHER DISCIPLINES RESULTS". www.billiard-hockey.com
- ^ "Mistrovství Evropy". www.airhockey.cz
- ^ "Mistrovství světa". www.airhockey.cz
- ^ "AIR Russia Open WTHA". www.cosmozz.info
- ^ "Russia Open 2014". www.airhockey.cz
- ^ "Russia Open 2015". www.airhockey.cz
- ^ "Mistrovství ČR". www.airhockey.cz
- ^ "Český pohár". www.airhockey.cz