13 (number)

13 (thirteen) is the natural number following 12 and preceding 14.

Folklore surrounding the number 13 appears in many cultures around the world: one theory is that this is due to the cultures employing lunar-solar calendars (there are approximately 12.41 lunations per solar year, and hence 12 "true months" plus a smaller, and often portentous, thirteenth month). This can be witnessed, for example, in the "Twelve Days of Christmas" of Western European tradition.^[1]

In mathematics

The number 13 is a prime number, happy number^[2] and a lucky number.^[3] It is a twin prime with 11, as well as a cousin prime with 17. It is the second of only 3 Wilson primes: 5, 13, and 563.^[4] A 13-sided regular polygon is called a tridecagon.

13 is a Fibonacci number and an ordered Bell number.^[5] Thus, the number shows up in several problems in combinatorial enumeration: for instance, in Sanskrit prosody, there are 13 combinations of light and heavy syllables that add to six morae (since it is Fibonacci number)^[6] and there are 13 orders in which a three-way horse race can finish, allowing for ties (since it is an ordered Bell number).^[5]

List of basic calculations

In languages

Grammar

• In all Germanic languages, 13 is the first compound number; the numbers 11 and 12 have their own names.

Folklore

In Germany, according to an old tradition, 13 (dreizehn), as the first compound number, was the first number written in digits; the numbers 0 (null) through 12 (zwölf) were spelled out. The Duden (the German standard dictionary) now calls this tradition (which was actually never written down as an official rule) outdated and no longer valid, but many writers still follow it.^[7]

In English

Thirteen is one of two numbers within the teen numerical range (13–19), along with fifteen, not derived by cardinal numeral (three) and the teen suffix; instead, it is derived from the ordinal numeral (third).

In religion

Islam

In Shia, 13 signifies the 13th day of the month of Rajab (the Lunar calendar), which is the birth of Imam Ali.

Catholicism

In Catholic devotional practice, the number thirteen is also associated with Saint Anthony of Padua, since his feast day falls on June 13. A traditional devotion called the Thirteen Tuesdays of St. Anthony^[8] involves praying to the saint every Tuesday over a period of thirteen weeks. Another devotion, St. Anthony's Chaplet, consists of thirteen decades of three beads each.^[9]

Sikhism

According to famous Sakhi (evidence) or the story of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, when he was an accountant at a town of Sultanpur Lodhi, he was distributing groceries to people. When he gave groceries to the 13th person, he stopped because in Gurmukhi and Hindi the word 13 is called terah, which means yours. And Guru Nanak Dev Ji kept saying, "Yours, yours, yours..." remembering God. People reported to the emperor that Guru Nanak Dev Ji was giving out free food to the people. When treasures were checked, there was more money than before.^[10]

Judaism

• In Judaism, 13 signifies the age at which a boy matures and becomes a Bar Mitzvah, i.e., a full member of the Jewish faith (counts as a member of Minyan).

Wicca

A common tradition in the religion Wicca holds that the number of members for a coven is ideally thirteen, though this tradition is not universal.^[11]

Luck

Bad

The number 13 is considered an unlucky number in some countries.^[12] The end of the Mayan calendar's 13th Baktun was superstitiously feared as a harbinger of the apocalyptic 2012 phenomenon.^[13] Fear of the number 13 has a specifically recognized phobia, triskaidekaphobia, a word first recorded in 1911.^[14] The superstitious sufferers of triskaidekaphobia try to avoid bad luck by keeping away from anything numbered or labelled thirteen. As a result, companies and manufacturers use another way of numbering or labelling to avoid the number, with hotels and tall buildings being conspicuous examples (thirteenth floor).^[15] It is also considered unlucky to have thirteen guests at a table. Friday the 13th has been considered an unlucky day.^[12]

There are a number of theories as to why the number thirteen became associated with bad luck, but none of them have been accepted as likely.^[12]

The Last Supper

Jesus Christ's Last Supper, there were thirteen people around the table, counting Christ and the twelve apostles. Some believe this is unlucky because one of those thirteen, Judas Iscariot, was the betrayer of Jesus Christ. From the 1890s, a number of English language sources relate the "unlucky" thirteen to an idea that at the Last Supper, Judas, the disciple who betrayed Jesus, was the 13th to sit at the table.^[16]

Knights Templar

On Friday, 13 October 1307, King Philip IV of France ordered the arrest of the Knights Templar,^[12] and most of the knights were tortured and killed.

Full moons

A year with 13 full moons instead of 12 posed problems for the monks in charge of the calendars. "This was considered a very unfortunate circumstance, especially by the monks who had charge of the calendar of thirteen months for that year, and it upset the regular arrangement of church festivals. For this reason, thirteen came to be considered an unlucky number."^[17] However, a typical century has about 37 years that have 13 full moons, compared to 63 years with 12 full moons, and typically every third or fourth year has 13 full moons.^[18]

A suppressed lunar cult

In ancient cultures, the number 13 represented femininity, because it corresponded to the number of lunar (menstrual) cycles in a year (13 × 28 = 364 days). The theory is that, as the solar calendar triumphed over the lunar, the number thirteen became anathema.^[12][19]

Hammurabi's code

There is a myth that the earliest reference to thirteen being unlucky or evil is in the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (circa 1780 BC), where the thirteenth law is said to be omitted. In fact, the original Code of Hammurabi has no numeration. The translation by L.W. King (1910), edited by Richard Hooker, omitted one article: If the seller have gone to (his) fate (i. e., have died), the purchaser shall recover damages in said case fivefold from the estate of the seller. Other translations of the Code of Hammurabi, for example the translation by Robert Francis Harper, include the 13th article.^[20]

Good

• In France, 13 was traditionally considered a lucky number in France prior to the First World War, and was used in numerical form as a good luck symbol on postcards and charms.^[21]
• In Italy, 13 was the lucky number in the Italian football pools (Totocalcio). The Italian expression "fare tredici" (literally, "make thirteen") means to hit the jackpot.^[22]
• Colgate University also considers 13 a lucky number. The university was founded in 1819 by 13 men with 13 dollars, 13 prayers and 13 articles.^[23] (To this day, members of the Colgate community consider the number 13 a good omen.) In fact, the campus address is 13 Oak Drive in Hamilton, New York, and the male a cappella group is called the Colgate 13.

Other

A baker's dozen, devil's dozen,^[24] long dozen, or long measure is 13, one more than a standard dozen. The thirteenth loaf is called the vantage loaf because it is considered advantageous overall to get 13 loaves for the price of 12.^[25]

In a tarot card deck, XIII is the card of Death, usually picturing the Pale Horse with its rider.

Age 13

• In Judaism, thirteen signifies the age at which a boy matures and becomes a Bar Mitzvah, i.e., a full member of the Jewish faith.^[26]
• Thirteen is the minimum age of consent in Argentina, Burkina Faso, Niger, and two Mexican states.
• On many social media platforms in the United States, 13 is the standard minimum age to be allowed to create an account in compliance with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA).
• This is the age at which the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) assesses for T-rated games and the Motion Picture Association recommends movies with a PG-13 rating.

In the United States

The number 13 is a recurring motif in American heraldry. The first flag of the United States bore thirteen stripes, alternating red and white, and thirteen white stars in the blue union, representing the Thirteen Colonies from which the United States was created and the thirteen states in the new nation respectively. This is also reflected in the number of rays on the Flag of Arizona.

The Great Seal of the United States bears many images of the number thirteen. On the Seal's obverse, the overhead glory bears thirteen stars. The chest shield in front of the spread eagle bears thirteen stripes (seven white and six red). The eagle's right talon holds the Olive Branch of Peace, bearing thirteen olives and thirteen olive leaves. The eagle's left talon holds the Weapons of War, consisting of thirteen arrows. The eagle's mouth holds a scroll bearing the national motto "E Pluribus Unum". On the Seal's reverse, the unfinished pyramid consists of thirteen levels.

In sports

• The number 13 was not used in the Indianapolis 500 from 1915 to 2002. It was not permitted for use between 1926 and 2002. In 2009, E. J. Viso, driving for HVM Racing in the 2009 IndyCar Series season, drove a green number 13 car full-time, despite terrible superstitions about it in motorsports.
• The number 13 was not used in Formula One from 1977 to 2013.
• In rugby league:
  • The jersey number 13 is worn by the starting loose forward or lock forward in most competitions. An exception is in the Super League, which uses static squad numbering.
• In rugby union, the jersey number 13 is worn by the outside centre.
• In triathlon, the number 13 is not used. As such, the numbering goes 11, 12, 14, 15 under the current numbering system.
• In cycle sport events like the Tour de France, riders assigned the number 13 will often wear their race bib upside down.

References

1. ^ Frazier, King of the Bean, and the Festival of Fools. Cited in Thompson, Tok. 2002. The thirteenth number: Then, there/ here and now. Studia Mythological Slavica 5, 145–159.
2. ^ "Sloane's A007770 : Happy numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
3. ^ "A000959 Lucky numbers. (Formerly M2616 N1035)". OEIS: The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
4. ^
5. ^ de Koninck, J. M. (2009), Those Fascinating Numbers, American Mathematical Society, p. 4, ISBN 9780821886311
6. ^ Singh, Parmanand (1985), "The so-called Fibonacci numbers in ancient and medieval India", Historia Mathematica. 12 (3): 229–244, doi:10.1016/0315-0860(85)90021-7. MR 803579
7. ^ "Duden | Schreibung von Zahlen bis 12" (in German). www.duden.de. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
8. ^ "The Shrine of St. Anthony". shrineofstanthony.org. Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
9. ^ "Liturgical Year: Prayers: Chaplet of St. Anthony". catholicculture.org
10. ^ Shackle, Christopher & Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2005). Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sacred Scriptures. Routledge. p. xvii. ISBN 978-0-415-26604-8. According to the traditional accounts (janamsakhis), while working as a storekeeper in Sultanpur, Nanak reached the number thirteen (terah), which means 'thine' in Hindi/Punjabi. Caught in a divine trance, he began repeating 'Terah, terah' (I am Thine, O Lord), distributing the remaining provisions to all without count.
11. ^ Raymond Buckland (1986). Buckland's Complete Book of Witchcraft. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn. pp. 17–18–53. ISBN 9780875420509. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
12. ^ Emery, David. "Why Is Friday the 13th Unlucky? - History and Folklore". About.com Entertainment. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
13. ^ "Most Popular E-mail Newsletter". USA Today. November 24, 2011.
14. ^
15. ^ Fleischman, Sid (August 19, 2007). "The 13th Floor: A Ghost Story". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
16. ^ Cecil Adams (1992-11-06). "Why is the number 13 considered unlucky?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
17. ^ "The Really Strange Story Behind Sunday's Blue Moon". Space.com. November 19, 2010.
18. ^ Cooley, Keith (2008). "Full Moons 1900-2100". Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
19. ^ Stan Gooch, Guardians of the Ancient Wisdom (1980)
20. ^ The Code of Hammurabi (Harper translation)
21. ^ Owen, Davies (2018). A Supernatural War: Magic, Divination, and Faith During the First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780198794554.
22. ^ "Tredici: Definizione e significato di tredici" (in Italian). dizionari.corriere.it. Dizionario di Italiano il Sabatini Coletti. Archived 22 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
23. ^ "Colgate: History & Traditions". Colgate University. Archived August 14, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 1, 2007.
24. ^ "Definition of DEVIL'S DOZEN". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
25. ^ "Vantage loaf". Green's Dictionary of Slang. Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-982994-1. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
26. ^ "Origins of the Bar/Bat Mitzvah". ReformJudaism.org. October 19, 2012. “Today in almost all non-Orthodox congregations, all children mark symbolic entry into Jewish adulthood through b'nai mitzvah (bar or bat mitzvah) at age 13.”